The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change.

A Tale of Two Movements: The Power and Consequences of Misremembering Brown

“…Federal policy changes were important and welcome, particularly because they lent credence and psychological sustenance to movement activists; but such victories came slowly after years of intense agitation by black activists and were followed by reluctant (if not nonexistent) federal enforcement. Revisionist scholars believe that focusing on federal mandates and the ruminations of elite men distorts the complexity of the historical process and the daily struggle against white supremacy (Carson, 1986;Morris, 1984;Payne, 1995).…”

“…Marking the movement's beginning at 1954 severs it from its antecedents and assumes that integration was its primary goal. Rather, these scholars highlight the continuity of the struggle by examining local southern black organizing efforts and white resistance in the immediate post-World War II era (Chafe, 1980;Dittmer, 1994;Fairclough, 1995;Morris, 1984;Norrell, 1985;Payne, 1995;Raines, 1977;Thornton, 2002). Blacks used churches and created local protest organizations to form an effective wedge against white supremacy and sometimes advocated an agenda distinctly different from the integrationist goals of national organizations like the NAACP.…”

Infrastructure for Inclusion: Exploring the Evolution of Afro-Colombian Movement and Inclusiveness from the 1991 Constituent Process to the 2016 Peace Agreement

“…Led by Andrews (2001), a third group of scholars observed that impactful movements are likely to rely on multiple mechanisms, and they instead developed a theory of movement infrastructure to explain their capacity to flexibly pursue both institutional and noninstitutional tactics. Building from their concepts, we define movement infrastructure as the quantity and thickness of ties that link actors within a movement horizontally, across organizations, and vertically across scales (Andrews 2001;Cohen 2020;Morris 1984;Ransby 2018).…”

Standing on the Promises: The Experiences of Black Women Administrators in Historically Black Institutions

“…As the civil rights movement became a full-scale struggle, like many other Blacks, the Black women administrators in this study confronted and disrupted institutions thought to be responsible for their oppression. This study examines southern leadership discourses of Black women administrators who came from a tradition of protest transmitted across generations by older relatives, black educational institutions, churches, and protest organizations (Morris, 1984). What can an examination of university-level Black women administrators inform with respect to the struggles, challenges, and successes they experience?Only the Black Woman can say "when and where I enter, in the quiet, undisputed dignity of my womanhood, without violence and without suing or special patronage, then and there the whole .…”

“…analysis. The study examines southern leadership discourses of Black women administrators who came from a tradition of protest [that has been] transmitted across generations by older relatives, black educational institutions, churches, and protest organizations (Morris, 1984). What can an examination of university-level Black women administrators inform with respect to the struggles, challenges and successes they experience?…”