Abstract:Historians and scholars from varied disciplines acknowledge the existence of race-based discriminatory policies at the turn of the 20th century. However, little attention has been given to how the Freedmen's Bureau and Black Codes in post-Civil War Reconstruction shaped and impacted social behavior within the nursing profession. This article sheds light on the origins of incivility in nursing by taking a closer look at how early Reconstruction-era policies, structures of hierarchy in the U.S. armed forces, and… Show more
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