The original Ampère force and Biot-Savart and Lorentz forces

Pappas, P. T.

doi:10.1007/bf02721552

Cited by 84 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Based on the Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, the charged particles (electrons and holes) are confined to circular paths or helixes and even trapped by magnetic impurities owing to the Lorentz force (F L ) 22 . To achieve excellent electrical transport properties, all semiconductor materials including various TE materials had been generally required to eliminate the magnetic impurities in the past decades.…”

Section: Magnetoelectric Interaction and Transport Behaviors In Magnementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, TE materials have been facing a serious problem that the intrinsic excitation unavoidably results in the deterioration of high-temperature performance. Up to now, it remains a key challenge how to suppress the performance deterioration of TE materials in the intrinsic excitation region.Based on the Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, the charged particles (electrons and holes) are confined to circular paths or helixes and even trapped by magnetic impurities owing to the Lorentz force (F L ) 22 . To achieve excellent electrical transport properties, all semiconductor materials including various TE materials had been generally required to eliminate the magnetic impurities in the past decades.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Magnetoelectric interaction and transport behaviours in magnetic nanocomposite thermoelectric materials

et al. 2016

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How to suppress the performance deterioration of thermoelectric materials in the intrinsic excitation region remains a key challenge. The magnetic transition of permanent magnet nanoparticles from ferromagnetism to paramagnetism provides an effective approach for the solution of this challenge. Here we have designed and prepared the magnetic nanocomposite thermoelectric materials consisting of BaFe 12 O 19 nanoparticles (BaM-NPs) and Ba 0.3 In 0.3 Co 4 Sb 12 matrix. It is discovered that the electrical transport behaviors of the nanocomposites have been controlled by the magnetic transition of BaM-NPs from ferromagnetism to paramagnetism. BaM-NPs trap the elctrons below the Curie temperature (T C ) and release the trapped electrons above the T C , playing an "electron repository" role in maintaining high ZT. BaM-NPs produce two types of magnetoelectric effects of electron spiral motion and magnon-drag thermopower besides enhancing phonon scattering. Our work demonstrates that the thermoelectric performance deterioration in the intrinsic excitation region can be suppressed through the magnetic transition of permanent magnet nanoparticles.Thermoelectric (TE) materials have attracted much interest owing to the fascinating applications in recycling utilization of industrial waste heat and automobile exhaust heat, high-efficiency cooling of next-generation integrated circuits, and full-spectrum solar power generation 1,2 . The properties of TE materials are characterized by dimensionless figure of merit ZT=α 2 σT/(κ E +κ L ). Where T, α, σ, κ E and κ L are the absolute temperature, Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and the electronic and lattice components of the thermal conductivity (κ), respectively. To optimize the thermal properties, various phonon engineering approaches were used to enhance phonon scattering and decrease κ L by having taken advantage of nanoinclusion [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] . A series of band structure engineering approaches were employed to improve the electrical properties [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] . Recently, we discovered that the electrical and thermal properties of TE materials could be simultaneously optimized through coexisting multi-localization transport behavior 21 . However, TE materials have been facing a serious problem that the intrinsic excitation unavoidably results in the deterioration of high-temperature performance. Up to now, it remains a key challenge how to suppress the performance deterioration of TE materials in the intrinsic excitation region.Based on the Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, the charged particles (electrons and holes) are confined to circular paths or helixes and even trapped by magnetic impurities owing to the Lorentz force (F L ) 22 . To achieve excellent electrical transport properties, all semiconductor materials including various TE materials had been generally required to eliminate the magnetic impurities in the past decades. This understanding has limited the development of magnetic nanocomposite TE materials. Here we pr...

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Section: Magnetoelectric Interaction and Transport Behaviors In Magnementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetoelectric interaction and transport behaviours in magnetic nanocomposite thermoelectric materials

et al. 2016

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“…Taking into account (4.11)-(4.13) and (5.8), (5.12), (5.18), and (5.22), we realize that the theorems concerning conservation of energy and momentum in electrodynamics are in complete agreement with the experiment, in contradiction to other theories which state the opposite (see [1]- [9]). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…To show the impossibility of the relation (see [3], [4], and [9]), we multiply the momentum of the pendulum ( ) times the velocity of light ( ), and we get the enormous amount of field energy J, instead of the correct amount 596.33 J.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electromagnetic energy and momentum conservation in pendulum experiments

2003

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In a number of experiments, several researchers have argued that their experimental results are not in agreement with energy and momentum conservation in electrodynamics. In this paper, we show that the strict application of energy and momentum conservation is in complete agreement with their experiments. In this work, we introduce the local electric and magnetic fields inside the pendulum conductor, which allow us to make rigorous calculations for energy and momentum. With regard to the conservation of momentum, their experimentally measured momentum of the pendulum is 8 85 10 2 kg m/s, while the value theoretically calculated by us is (8 35 0 84) 10 2 kg m/s, a fact that verifies the standard theory.Index Terms-Electromagnetic energy and momentum conservation, pendulum experiments.

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The Ampere‐Neumann Electrodynamics of Metallic Conductors

Graneau

1986

Fortschr. Phys.

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This is a review of the old electrodynamics which prevailed during the first half of the 165-year history of electromagnetism. Ampere's principal achievement was the deduction of his empirical force law from experiments with several current balances. Faraday then discovered electromagnetic induction. This prompted F. E. Neumann to work out a quantitative explanation of induction based on Ampere's force law. It involved the concept of the electrodynamic potential which, as we know now, is the same entity as magnetic energy. With the newtonian principle of virtual work, Neumann found his potential yielded the correct mechanical forces on metallic current circuits. Neumann's theory contains a physical quantity which today is c d e d the magnetic vector potential and treated as a mathematical contrivance.Neumann's mutual inductance formula has become a powerful tool of inductance calculations. Maxwell made a major contribution to the Ampere-Neumann electrodynamics by developing the mean-geometric-distance method for calculating the inductance of conductors of finite cross-sections. This became particularly useful after Sommerfeld solved Neumann's double integral for parallel, straight wires. Maxwell built all of Neumann's mathematical theory into his field equations but the lingo changed. Electrodynamic potential became kinetic energy of the field; conductor element interactions became flux linkage; and so on. Maxwell's equations do not contain a magnetic force law. He believed both Ampere's law and the law currently in use, which was first suggested by Grassmann in 1845, were compatible with field theory. Lorentz later found that the motion of charges in vacuum obeyed only Grassmann's law and not Ampere's. From then onward the old electrodynamics fell into disuse and field theory has reigned supremely ever since.Recent developments have shown the conflict between Ampere's and Grassmann's law t o be related to the natore,of the electric current. Conduction currents in metals obey Ampere's law and convection currents in vacuum obey Grassmann's law. Both laws agree on the reaction forces between closed metallic circuits, because the relativistic contribution from the Grassmann law then integrates to zero. This fact appears to have mislead Lorentz in believing that the drifting electron in vacuum is magnetically equivalent to the current element of metals.An examination of the long debate concerning the validity of Newton's third law of motion in electromagnetism proves the Ampere-Neumann electro-dynamics to be valid for metallic circuits while the theory of special relativity and field momentum conservation are required for convecting charges in vacuum. This conclusion is strongly supported by experimental evidence. It demands a change in the concept of the metallic current element. P. GRANEAU, Ampere-Neumann Electrodynamics

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The original Ampère force and Biot-Savart and Lorentz forces

Cited by 84 publications

References 17 publications

Magnetoelectric interaction and transport behaviours in magnetic nanocomposite thermoelectric materials

Magnetoelectric interaction and transport behaviours in magnetic nanocomposite thermoelectric materials

Electromagnetic energy and momentum conservation in pendulum experiments

The Ampere‐Neumann Electrodynamics of Metallic Conductors

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