The origin of the follicular capillaries in the human spleen

Snook, Theodore

doi:10.1002/aja.1001440107

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…The present study arteries branch off as a sheathed arteriolar-capillary bundle in a follicle, and then run independently toward the marginal zone to end as open vessels (7,20). In the present study, the follicular arteries were not elaborate in the follicle and appeared to end inside the white pulp.…”

Section: Sialoadhesin-positive Macrophages In the Human Spleenmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…For example, Snook used LM to examine periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-stained serial sections of human spleens and reported that the central artery running adjacent to a splenic follicle did not directly give off follicular arteries but ultimately divided into penicillar arteries to supply the red pulp of the spleen (21). He further showed that some branches of the penicillar arteries, however, return and enter the splenic follicle to become follicular arteries, which in turn issue smaller branches within the follicle as an arteriolar-capillary bundle (20) and open into the marginal zone (3,20). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has clearly shown three-dimensionally that penicillar arteries become sheathed arteries and open into the red pulp (3)(4)(5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have shown species differences in the structure of the spleen, particularly in relation to its vascular architecture (21). Concerning the vasculature of the human spleen, a number of papers have been published using light microscopy (LM) (20,21) and electron microscopy (EM) techniques (3)(4)(5)24). For example, Snook used LM to examine periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-stained serial sections of human spleens and reported that the central artery running adjacent to a splenic follicle did not directly give off follicular arteries but ultimately divided into penicillar arteries to supply the red pulp of the spleen (21).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Three-dimensional reconstruction of serial sections for analysis of the microvasculature of the white pulp and the marginal zone in the human spleen

Kusumi

Koga

Kanda³

et al. 2015

Biomed. Res.

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Although a number of papers have given useful information on splenic microcirculation by light and/or scanning electron microscopy, controversies remain as to the vascular arrangement, especially in the human spleen. The present study re-examined the microvasculature of the human spleen using a three-dimensional reconstruction of immunohistochemically stained tissue sections, and showed that the central artery does not directly issue follicular arteries in the human spleen; follicular arteries are derived from penicillar arteries outside the follicle and end in the white pulp. We found that the splenic follicle is surrounded by an elaborate system of anastomosed capillaries in both the marginal zone and the superficial layer of the white pulp. Most of these capillaries are also branches of the penicillar arterioles that are issued from the central artery in the same, or a different, white pulp system. Because the endothelia of these capillaries are widely open in the marginal zone, this vascular network may play a major role in supplying blood to the marginal zone. The accumulation of sialoadhesin-positive macrophages was also observed around the vascular network, suggesting an important role for this structure as the front line of immune response.

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Section: Sialoadhesin-positive Macrophages In the Human Spleenmentioning

confidence: 69%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Three-dimensional reconstruction of serial sections for analysis of the microvasculature of the white pulp and the marginal zone in the human spleen

Kusumi

Koga

Kanda³

et al. 2015

Biomed. Res.

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“…From this special location of the germinal centers, one may conclude that the distribution of germinal centers in the chicken spleen is not random but rather confined to sites close to the hilus. No vascular channels were observed in the chicken's splenic germinal centers, which is in contrast with mammalian spleens (Snook, 1975).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Splenic white pulp and associated vascular channels in chicken spleen

Oláh

Glick

1982

Am. J. Anat.

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We have studied the chicken spleen by light and transmission electron microscopy. Germinal centers are located at the beginning of the central artery which is surrounded by the periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS). The central artery has no branch crossing the PALS, and there is no histologically identifiable marginal zone in the chicken spleen. The central artery continues as penicilliform capillaries.The mid-portion of the penicilliform capillary is surrounded by the ellipsoid or Schweigger-Seidel sheath. The endothelial lining of this part of the pencilliform capillary contains small channels, formed between neighboring endothelial cells, which enter the ellipsoid. These channels allow circulating substances to accumulate in the ellipsoid.The cells of the ellipsoid are reticular cells, round or ovoid in shape, exhibiting a limited number of cell junctions. At the surface of the ellipsoid are ellipsoidassociated cells (EAC) which have an affinity for toluidine blue. After perfusion fixation, the majority of the cells in the ellipsoid are lost; this suggests weak cellular connections between the ellipsoid cells. The ellipsoid-associated cells remain in loco. On the basis of their shape and cytological features, two stages of EACs can be distinguished. The round or ovoid EACs elaborate active Golgi zones surrounded by numerous small vesicles containing an electron-dense substance. Occasionally, mitotic figures can be seen among them which may suggest that they are immature forms. In the second or more mature stage, the EACs assume an elongated spindle shape. The spindle-shaped EACs reveal inactive Golgi cisternae and fewer but larger granules than the round or immature EACs. Unmyelinated nerve fibers and nerve ending were observed in the ellipsoid.Perfusion fixation reveals that the distal portions of the penicilliform capillaries extend into the red pulp and become the sinuses. Therefore, the circulation of the chicken spleen is anatomically closed except for the channels in the mid-portion of the penicilliform capillary.The periellipsoid white pulp (PWP) possesses a few small lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells with the majority of cells being young blastlike cells which may replenish the EACs and ellipsoidal cells.Carbon, injected intravenously, appears on the EAC membrane by 30 minutes, while Brucella abortus is completely phagocytized at this time. Binding the carbon triggers the EAC to detach from the ellipsoid and migrate to the periellipsoidal white pulp (PWP). The EACs phagocytize carbon by 2 hours, and by 5 and 8 days are present in the red pulp and surround the germinal centers at the border of the periarterial lymphatic sheath, respectively. Secretory cells which have been identified in germinal centers might originate from EACs.

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“…The distribution of the splenic arterial system was outlined by staining the reticular fibers of the vessels with PAS [Snook, 1975] or, in some instances, by perfusing the arte rial system with undiluted India ink. The macrophages were located by comparing the distribution of cells giving the metalophil reaction to those containing acid phospha tase, nonspecific esterase, or which had phagocytosed colloidal carbon, adminis tered in the form of diluted India ink.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship of Macrophages and Erythrocyte Receptors to Vascular Patterns in Vole Spleen

Steven¹

1981

Cells Tissues Organs

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The spleens of two species of voles were studied to determine the relationship between arterial terminals, macrophages, and antibody-mediated erythrocyte receptors. The vascular distribution was studied by vascular injections and by use of PAS-stained serial sections. Macrophages were identified by their positive metalophil and hydrolytic enzyme reactions and their ability to phagocytose carbon. Antibody-mediated erythrocyte receptors were localized and studied by using combined erythrocyte binding, and an acid phosphatase technique. White pulp capillaries and enicillate arteries branch from the central arteries. Some white pulp capillaries terminate in the reticular meshes of the marginal zones and some in funnel-shaped dilatations continuous with the marginal sinuses. These apertures and extensions of the perifollicular rings extend to the germinal centers. Penicillate arteries can be traced to the red pulp cords. Macrophages were found in the following locations: (1) between the coronal regions and marginal zones (marginal metalophils); (2) in germinal centers, (3) in marginal zones, and (4) in red pulp cords. Sheep erythrocytes bind over the macrophages of the germinal centers, over the marginal metalophils and over macrophages of the marginal zones. These bound erythrocytes lyse when incubated with complement. These results illustrate that there are marginal metalophils in species other than rats, and that erythrocytes binding over sections of spleen are associated with the white pulp macrophages. The germinal centers of vole spleen have several characteristics that are associated with white pulp compartments that are involved in generation of primary antibody responses.

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The origin of the follicular capillaries in the human spleen

Cited by 13 publications

References 2 publications

<b>Three-dimensional reconstruction of serial sections for analysis of the microvasculature of the white pulp and the marginal zone in the human </b><b>spleen </b>

<b>Three-dimensional reconstruction of serial sections for analysis of the microvasculature of the white pulp and the marginal zone in the human </b><b>spleen </b>

Splenic white pulp and associated vascular channels in chicken spleen

The Relationship of Macrophages and Erythrocyte Receptors to Vascular Patterns in Vole Spleen

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