“…Recently, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) coupled with multivariate statistical analysis has been widely used to trace the origins of foods and herbs ( Puleo et al, 2022 , Zheng et al, 2022 ) and determine starch, fat, protein, and saponin contents in crops, such as rice and soybeans, for quality control ( Bagchi et al, 2016 , Berhow et al, 2020 , Shi et al, 2022 ). Owing to its rapid and non-destructive sampling, simple operation, good stability, and high efficiency, NIRS has advanced in qualitative identification and quantitative analysis in the field of food and medicine, thus showing the broad application prospects of NIRS ( Nagy et al, 2022 , Nobari Moghaddam et al, 2022 ).…”