The origin of gingival fluid

Effects of potassium aluminum sulfate on TNF-α, MMP -1 and MMP-8 levels at gingival crevicular fluid in periodontally healthy subjects: a pilot study

“…However, the small volumes of fluid collected from healthy gingiva had a protein concentration similar to interstitial fluid [23] with a different range of proteins [24]. This would be consistent with the hypothesis of Alfano [25] that the initial fluid accumulation represents a transudate of interstitial fluid produced by an osmotic gradient and that the later fluid represents a true exudate. The effects of gingival retraction on periodontium was previously investigated by Feng et al by evaluation of TNF-α levels in GCF collected at different days and five time intervals (days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28) after the retraction procedure, and it has been observed that TNF-α levels reached a peak at day one after retraction, then gradually declined at days 3, 7, 14, and 28.…”

Effect of Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy on Superoxide Dismutase Levels in Gingival Tissues of Chronic Periodontitis Patients: A Clinical and Spectophotometric Analysis

“…Elevated levels of ROS stimulate neutrophils to upregulate the adhesion integrins, leading to their increased accumulation in tissues and a local sealing off of antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD, catalyse and protease inhibitors, as observed by Ryder et al [19]. Consequent to this there is degradation and collagenolysis of ground substance or increased stimulation of excessive proinflammatory cytokines through nuclear transcription factor kappa B activation or an increased production of prostaglandin E 2 via lipid peroxidation and superoxide release; all are linked to bone resorption and can aggravate periodontitis [20]. Individuals with history of prolonged use of medications (antibiotic, anti-inflammatory therapy and antioxidant vitamins) were excluded from the study to eliminate the influence of the same on the course of periodontal disease activity, which could intern influence the SOD activity in the gingival tissues [2].…”

Application of Label-Free Absolute Quantitative Proteomics in Human Gingival Crevicular Fluid by LC/MSE (Gingival Exudatome)

“…Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is a serum transudate or an inflammatory exudate that results from the interaction between the bacterial biofilm adherent to the tooth surfaces and the cells of the periodontal tissues (Alfano, 1974). GCF plays a special part in maintaining the structure of junctional epithelium and in the antimicrobial defence of periodontium and acts as a medium for the transport of bacterial products into and host derived products out of the periodontal environment (Ebersole, 2003;Krasse, 1996).…”