Abstract:The Copenhagen interpretation, in which the core concepts are Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and nonlocal EPR correlation, has been long discussed. Second-order anticorrelation in a beam splitter represents the origin of these phenomena and cannot be achieved classically. Here, the anticorrelation of nonclassicality in a beam splitter is interpreted using the concept of coherence. Unlike the common understanding of photons having a particle nature, anticorrelation is rooted in the wave nature of coherence … Show more
“…Hence, it always guarantees g (2) = 0 even in the classical regime. Again, it should be emphasized that the above results from two cancellations: one is between two self-divided terms and the other is between both reflected and transmitted terms shown in (15). Note that [1] assumed that R = −1/ √ 2 and R = T = T = 1/ √ 2, such that, for g (2) = 0, ϕ should be picked in {0, π}.…”
“…Furthermore, the four terms in the first equality describe the four possible scenarios of the simultaneous detection of photons at both outputs, similar to the classical case in Eq. (15). After expanding (in the second equality) and rearranging operators (in the third equality) based on the commutator relation in Eq.…”
Section: Fock Statesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This effect has spawned a lot of interest in the quantum optics community, and it has been avidly studied. Subsequent theoretical explanation of HOM was given in [11,[13][14][15][16]. HOM has also been studied in plasmons [17], numerically [18], in microwave [19], in atoms [20], in frequency domain [21,22], in Gaussian wave packets [23,24], with and without beam splitters [25,26], as well as in many particle systems [27].…”
The zeroing of second order correlation functions between output fields after interferences in a 50/50 beam splitter has been accepted decades-long in the quantum optics community as an indicator of the quantum nature of lights. But, a recent work [1] presented some notable discussions and experiments that classical electromagnetic fields can still exhibit the zero correlation under specific conditions. Here, we examine analytically classical and quantum electromagnetic field interferences in a 50/50 beam splitter in the context of the second order correlation function for various input conditions. Adopting the Heisenberg picture in quantum electromagnetics, we examine components of four-term interference terms in the numerator of second order correlation functions and elucidate their physical significance. As such, we reveal the fundamental difference between the classical and quantum interference as illustrated by the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect. The quantum HOM effect is strongly associated with: (1) the commutator relation that does not have a classical analogue; (2) the property of Fock states needed to stipulate the one-photon quantum state of the system; and (3) a destructive wave interference effect. Here, (1) and (2) imply the indivisibility of a photon. On the contrary, the classical HOM effect requires the presence of two destructive wave interferences without the need to stipulate a quantum state.
“…Hence, it always guarantees g (2) = 0 even in the classical regime. Again, it should be emphasized that the above results from two cancellations: one is between two self-divided terms and the other is between both reflected and transmitted terms shown in (15). Note that [1] assumed that R = −1/ √ 2 and R = T = T = 1/ √ 2, such that, for g (2) = 0, ϕ should be picked in {0, π}.…”
“…Furthermore, the four terms in the first equality describe the four possible scenarios of the simultaneous detection of photons at both outputs, similar to the classical case in Eq. (15). After expanding (in the second equality) and rearranging operators (in the third equality) based on the commutator relation in Eq.…”
Section: Fock Statesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This effect has spawned a lot of interest in the quantum optics community, and it has been avidly studied. Subsequent theoretical explanation of HOM was given in [11,[13][14][15][16]. HOM has also been studied in plasmons [17], numerically [18], in microwave [19], in atoms [20], in frequency domain [21,22], in Gaussian wave packets [23,24], with and without beam splitters [25,26], as well as in many particle systems [27].…”
The zeroing of second order correlation functions between output fields after interferences in a 50/50 beam splitter has been accepted decades-long in the quantum optics community as an indicator of the quantum nature of lights. But, a recent work [1] presented some notable discussions and experiments that classical electromagnetic fields can still exhibit the zero correlation under specific conditions. Here, we examine analytically classical and quantum electromagnetic field interferences in a 50/50 beam splitter in the context of the second order correlation function for various input conditions. Adopting the Heisenberg picture in quantum electromagnetics, we examine components of four-term interference terms in the numerator of second order correlation functions and elucidate their physical significance. As such, we reveal the fundamental difference between the classical and quantum interference as illustrated by the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect. The quantum HOM effect is strongly associated with: (1) the commutator relation that does not have a classical analogue; (2) the property of Fock states needed to stipulate the one-photon quantum state of the system; and (3) a destructive wave interference effect. Here, (1) and (2) imply the indivisibility of a photon. On the contrary, the classical HOM effect requires the presence of two destructive wave interferences without the need to stipulate a quantum state.
“…Unlike most anticorrelation studies based on the statistical nature of light, a deterministic solution has been recently found in a coherence manner for a particular phase relation between two input fields impinging on a BS 6 . Owing to coherence optics with a phase control, the BS-based anticorrelation can be achieved in a simple Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) 6 . One of the first proofs of MZI physics for quantum mechanics was for anticorrelation using single photons 1 .…”
mentioning
confidence: 96%
“…are asked and answered in terms of photonic de Broglie waves (PBWs) in a pure coherence framework based on the wave nature of light. Due to the quantum property of linear optics such as a BS or MZI 6 , however, nonclassical light itself does not have to be excluded 1 . Thus, the present paper provides a general conceptual understanding of fundamental quantum physics as well as potential applications of coherence-quantum metrology to overcome single photon-based statistical quantum limitations such as an extremely low rate at the higher-order entangled photon-pair generation and practical difficulties of generating higher-order entangled photon pairs of NOON states [11][12][13][14][15][16] .…”
Photonic de Broglie waves offer a unique property of quantum mechanics satisfying the complementarity between the particle and wave natures of light, where the photonic de Broglie wavelength is inversely proportional to the number of entangled photons acting on a beam splitter. Very recently, the nonclassical feature of photon bunching has been newly interpreted using the pure wave nature of coherence optics [Sci. Rep. 10, 7,309 (2020)], paving the road to unconditionally secured classical key distribution [Sci. Rep. 10, 11,687 (2020)]. Here, deterministic photonic de Broglie waves are presented in a coherence regime to uncover new insights in both fundamental quantum physics and potential applications of coherence-quantum metrology.
Recently, new physics for unconditional security in a classical key distribution (USCKD) has been proposed and demonstrated in a frame of a double Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) as a proof of principle, where the unconditional security is rooted in MZI channel superposition. Due to environmental phase noise caused by temperature variations, atmospheric turbulences, and mechanical vibrations, free-space optical links have been severely challenged for both classical and quantum communications. Here, the double MZI scheme of USCKD is analyzed for greatly subdued environment-caused phase noise via double unitary transformation, resulting in potential applications of free-space optical links, where the free-space optical link has been a major research area from fundamental physics of atomic clock and quantum key distribution to potential applications of geodesy, navigation, and MIMO technologies in mobile communications systems.
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