The Origin and Significance of Faecal Bacteria in Citrus Juices

Appleman, Maria D.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1955.tb02109.x

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Berry (1946) considered E. coli of doubtful value because of its rapid freezer death. Similarly, Appleman (1955) considered that in citrus juices, if coliforms or enterococci are equally indicative of pollution, the enterococci should be used because of their greater longevity. On the other hand, others have stressed that the organisms that die off rapidly are the more valuable because they indicate recent contamination and therefore a greater potential hazard from pathogens.…”

Section: Disadvantages and Precautionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various authors have said that, where a standard is essential, one must establish an objective foundation by demonstrating a relation between the standard and the hazard against which it is meant to protect the public. To do this, each individual food for which a standard is to be set, and all the various types of processing procedures that might affect the bacterial content, must be studied (Anonymous, 1960b, e;Appleman, 1955;Ingram, 1961;Proctor and Nickerson, 1948;Shelton et al, 1961;Slocum, 1960;Thatcher, 1955).…”

Section: Disadvantages and Precautionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbiological Standards and Handling Codes for Chilled and Frozen Foods. A Review

Elliott¹,

Michener²

1961

Applied Microbiology

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Section: Disadvantages and Precautionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Disadvantages and Precautionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological Standards and Handling Codes for Chilled and Frozen Foods. A Review

Elliott¹,

Michener²

1961

Applied Microbiology

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“…Little sanitary significance is attributed to the pollution index of Clostridium perfringens, since most of strains gaining access to foods were found to originate from soil (Beerens and Delcourte, 19.58;Buttiaux, 1959). Appleman (1955) reviewed the merits of coliform organisms and fecal streptococci as indices of pollution in citrus concentrates, and though unable to give preference to either indicator, he favored reliance on the indicator group with the greatest longevity in these foods. A decision may be reached, however, when the sanitary significance of coliforms other than Escherichia coli, and the reasons for which enterococci are present on sound citrus fruits, have been established.…”

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confidence: 99%

Bacteriological Examination of Unbottled Soft Drinks

Ramadan¹,

Abd-Elnaby²

1962

Applied Microbiology

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Bacteriological examination of unbottled soft drinks. Appl. Microbiol. 10:311-320. 1962. A study of 300 samples, representing 14 different unbottled drinks, indicated that there are three vitally important criteria pertaining to their bacteriological examination. First, the total viable counts may be better accomplished by the pour-plate method, using enriched media, with incubation at either 30 or 37 C. Second, a comparative study of the coliaerogenes group and the enterococci as indices of pollution unquestionably favors the latter as the reliable indicator, owing to false interpretations of the presumptive test and to lack of accurate definition of fecal and nonfecal coliforms recovered from positive cases. The use of enterococci, however, did not provide as reliable an indicator as the pour-plate method. Third, the results with enterococci, in defining the probable source of pollution, are more precise. Experiments judiciously selected and simultaneously conducted revealed that the heat and heat-tellurite resistance tests, and the tetrazolium-reduction test, matched in relating 98.9 % of available enterococci to an animal source. Negligible but vital discrepancies were obtained with the two odd strains which qualified as human-derived according to the heat and heat-tellurite resistance tests. The differential criterion of Skadhauge and Barnes, based on the failure of animal-derived enterococci to grow in the presence of a low concentration of potassium tellurite, did not apply to the other two methods, since 99.5 %o of the recovered strains were found tolerant to the specified tellurite concentration. At the present time, the processing of Egyptian unbottled drinks is not controlled by designated standards or adequate specifications. Formulae employed in the making up of such drinks are quite varied and rest mainly on the so-called "individual art." Bacterial contamination reaching these feeds may be derived from the raw materials (usually of plant origin), water, sugar, ice, flavoring matter, coloring matter, utensils, hands of the producer, and surroundings (e.g., tables, flies, and dust). The main object of any bacteriological standards proposed for such foods is to secure three basic criteria, namely, their freedom from pathogens, toxinogenic bacteria, and high bacterial counts. Because the chief source of enteric pathogens of man is human fecal matter,

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The Value of the Association Escherichieae‐group D Streptococci in the Diagnosis of Contamination in Foods

Buttiaux

1959

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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The tests for faecal contamination in foods, based on 'indicator species', should be reconsidered for the following reasons. First, in Europe, Eschekhio coli is regarded BB a specific index of such contamination; but, apparently through the use of antibiotics, the proportion of human faeces containing Klebaielka has risen from 5.2% in 1947 to 48.4% in 1956-7. Moreover, E. coli and other coli-aerogenes organisms may be absent from the gut of certain animals, notably the pig. Second, while the usual methods of counting coli-aerogenes bacteria do not permit the isolation of strains which ferment lactose slowly or not at all (i.e. paracolons), these occur in 35.6% of samples of human faeces. Further, the recommended methods of detecting such strains are not wholly satisfactory. Third, the origin of the coli-aerogenes bacteria is uncertain.It is thus necessary to consider other organisms which normally inhabit the intestinal tract of humans and other animals. As to Clostridhn perfringenu, its source is doubtful, for it may come from faeces or from soil. and many foods contain only mil strains. The group D streptococci, on the other hand, are excellent indicators of faecal contamination. They are constant or frequent in the intestines of man and animals, and often more numerous there than coli-aerogenes bacteria. Their specificity as an index of faecal contamination is high and their investigation is easy with the selective media now available. Associated with the coli-aerogenes bacteria, they justify the diagnosis of faacal contamination in a foodstuff.

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The Origin and Significance of Faecal Bacteria in Citrus Juices

Cited by 7 publications

References 33 publications

Microbiological Standards and Handling Codes for Chilled and Frozen Foods. A Review

Microbiological Standards and Handling Codes for Chilled and Frozen Foods. A Review

Bacteriological Examination of Unbottled Soft Drinks

The Value of the Association Escherichieae‐group D Streptococci in the Diagnosis of Contamination in Foods

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