The Origin and Evolution of Mammals

Kemp, Thomas

doi:10.1093/oso/9780198507604.001.0001

Cited by 176 publications

(138 citation statements)

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“…In extant mammals, this joint is created between the squamosal and dentary, two dermal bones that in reptiles are placed far apart in the jaw. In the fossil record, there are examples of non-mammalian synapsids, such as Ictidopsis [84,85] with upwardly extending dentaries that might represent a step towards this novel jaw articulation, while some mammal-like synapsid groups, tritheledontids and brasilodontids, have a ridge on the dentary that contacts the squamosal, forming a hinge-like structure [86].…”

Section: The Novel Jaw Jointmentioning

confidence: 99%

Major evolutionary transitions and innovations: the tympanic middle ear

Tucker¹

2017

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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One of the most amazing transitions and innovations during the evolution of mammals was the formation of a novel jaw joint and the incorporation of the original jaw joint into the middle ear to create the unique mammalian three bone/ossicle ear. In this review, we look at the key steps that led to this change and other unusual features of the middle ear and how developmental biology has been providing an understanding of the mechanisms involved. This starts with an overview of the tympanic (air-filled) middle ear, and how the ear drum (tympanic membrane) and the cavity itself form during development in amniotes. This is followed by an investigation of how the ear is connected to the pharynx and the relationship of the ear to the bony bulla in which it sits. Finally, the novel mammalian jaw joint and versatile dentary bone will be discussed with respect to evolution of the mammalian middle ear.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity’.

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Section: The Novel Jaw Jointmentioning

confidence: 99%

Major evolutionary transitions and innovations: the tympanic middle ear

Tucker¹

2017

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…The earliest true mammals evolved from therapsid ancestors during the Early Jurassic, somewhere around 200 Ma. From the analysis of fossils it is usually inferred that these were small animals that were almost certainly nocturnal (Kemp 2005). A capacity for colour vision requires, at minimum, multiple sensors having differing spectral absorption properties that need to be mated to a nervous system capable of contrasting signals that reflect photon absorption rates in the different classes of sensors.…”

Section: The Beginningsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of colour vision in mammals

Jacobs

2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

291

228

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Colour vision allows animals to reliably distinguish differences in the distributions of spectral energies reaching the eye. Although not universal, a capacity for colour vision is sufficiently widespread across the animal kingdom to provide prima facie evidence of its importance as a tool for analysing and interpreting the visual environment. The basic biological mechanisms on which vertebrate colour vision ultimately rests, the cone opsin genes and the photopigments they specify, are highly conserved. Within that constraint, however, the utilization of these basic elements varies in striking ways in that they appear, disappear and emerge in altered form during the course of evolution. These changes, along with other alterations in the visual system, have led to profound variations in the nature and salience of colour vision among the vertebrates. This article concerns the evolution of colour vision among the mammals, viewing that process in the context of relevant biological mechanisms, of variations in mammalian colour vision, and of the utility of colour vision.

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“…The ability to produce IgE is a unique mammalian trait; therefore, it is likely that the IgE repertoire was available for engagement on the first appearance of insectivorous mammals during the Triassic period, approximately 195 million years ago (see Figure 1). 10 That IgE occurred early during evolution of mammals, probably due to an IgY gene duplication event, is supported by the observation that this immunoglobulin occurs in all mammals, that is before their separation into the three extant branches (monotremes, marsupials and placental mammals), more than 200 million years ago 11 . It is thought that a genetic event leading to duplication of the full‐length IgY gene, still found in amphibians, birds and reptiles, 12 resulted in both IgG (with the loss of the Cυ2 domain) and IgE (with conservation of all 4 domains in the constant chain) in early mammals.…”

Section: Evolution Of Igementioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of IgE‐mediated type I hypersensitivity and its immunological value

Pritchard

Falcone

Mitchell

2020

Allergy

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The allergic phenotype manifests itself in a spectrum of troublesome to life‐threatening diseases, from seasonal hay fever, through the food allergies, atopic eczema, asthma, to anaphylaxis. Allergy, that is an overreaction to allergen in hypersensitive individuals, results from the production of IgE, mast cell and basophil sensitisation and degranulation, requiring a range of medications to manage the conditions. Yet it is highly likely that allergy evolved for a purpose and that allergic diseases are accidental consequences of an insufficiently regulated immune response. This article presents a viewpoint from which to restore the immunological reputation of the allergic phenotype. We consider the evolutionary origins of potential allergens, toxins and parasites, and how they might have influenced early‐mammal species in existence when IgE first developed. We conclude that the allergic phenotype has likely saved the lives of many more mammals than have ever died from allergy, so justifying the positive role of IgE in our evolution.

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The Origin and Evolution of Mammals

Cited by 176 publications

References 0 publications

Major evolutionary transitions and innovations: the tympanic middle ear

Major evolutionary transitions and innovations: the tympanic middle ear

Evolution of colour vision in mammals

The evolution of IgE‐mediated type I hypersensitivity and its immunological value

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