The origin and early evolution of plants on land

Kenrick, Paul; Crane, Peter R.

doi:10.1038/37918

Cited by 1,261 publications

(1,045 citation statements)

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“…The transition is estimated to have occurred about 430 million years ago and the diversification into various groups of green plant families occurred after this process. Several important metabolic pathways are believed to have originated during the transition including those for plant hormones (Kendrick and Crane, 1997). It is worth mentioning that rhizoid production by exogenous auxin in the green alga Chara is thought to be a very ancient response that may have evolved before the separation of mosses from the common ancestor of green plant lineage .…”

Section: Green Plant Lineage Familiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormonal regulation in green plant lineage families

Johri

2008

Physiol Mol Biol Plants

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The patterns of phytohormones distribution, their native function and possible origin of hormonal regulation across the green plant lineages (chlorophytes, charophytes, bryophytes and tracheophytes) are discussed. The five classical phytohormonesauxins, cytokinins, gibberellins (GA), abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene occur ubiquitously in green plants. They are produced as secondary metabolites by microorganisms. Some of the bacterial species use phytohormones to interact with the plant as a part of their colonization strategy. Phytohormone biosynthetic pathways in plants seem to be of microbial origin and furthermore, the origin of high affinity perception mechanism could have preceded the recruitment of a metabolite as a hormone. The bryophytes represent the earliest land plants which respond to the phytohormones with the exception of gibberellins. The regulation by auxin and ABA may have evolved before the separation of green algal lineage. Auxin enhances rhizoid and caulonemal differentiation while cytokinins enhance shoot bud formation in mosses. Ethylene retards cell division but seems to promote cell elongation. The presence of responses specific to cytokinins and ethylene strongly suggest the origin of their regulation in bryophytes. The hormonal role of GAs could have evolved in some of the ferns where antheridiogens (compounds related to GAs) and GAs themselves regulate the formation of antheridia.During migration of life forms to land, the tolerance to desiccation may have evolved and is now observed in some of the microorganisms, animals and plants. Besides plants, sequences coding for late embryogenesis abundant-like proteins occur in the genomes of other anhydrobiotic species of microorganisms and nematodes. ABA acts as a stress signal and increases rapidly upon desiccation or in response to some of the abiotic stresses in green plants. As the salt stress also increases ABA release in the culture medium of cyanobacterium Trichormus variabilis, the recruitment of ABA in the regulation of stress responses could have been derived from prokaryotes and present at the level of common ancestor of green plants. The overall hormonal action mechanisms in mosses are remarkably similar to that of the higher plants. As plants are thought to be monophyletic in origin, the existence of remarkably similar hormonal mechanisms in the mosses and higher plants, suggests that some of the basic elements of regulation cascade could have also evolved at the level of common ancestor of plants. The networking of various steps in a cascade or the crosstalk between different cascades is variable and reflects the dynamic interaction between a species and its specific environment.

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Section: Green Plant Lineage Familiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormonal regulation in green plant lineage families

Johri

2008

Physiol Mol Biol Plants

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“…CLF interacts with another PRC2 component, FIE, suggesting that PRC2 functions in this process as a complex [43]. The dominance of the sporophyte compared to the gametophyte is one of the most conspicuous innovations of land plant evolution [44]. This evolutionary process would have required the acquisition of long-lasting sporophyte stem cells, and comparisons of the PRC2 regulatory systems between flowering plants and Physcomitrella may provide a clue to elucidate the changes in regulatory networks responsible for the evolution of the different body plans.…”

Section: Kofuji and Hasebementioning

confidence: 99%

Eight types of stem cells in the life cycle of the moss Physcomitrella patens

Kofuji

Hasebe

2014

Current Opinion in Plant Biology

108

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Physcomitrella patens develops at least seven types of simplex meristem in the gametophyte and at least one type in the sporophyte generation and is a good material for regulatory network comparisons. In this review, we summarize recently revealed molecular mechanisms of stem cell initiation and maintenance in the moss. Kofuji and Hasebe 3 Diversity of stem cells in land plantsStem cells have the ability to self-renew and to form differentiated cells, and several types of stem cells are formed during development and growth [1,2]. Since stem cells are the sources of body parts, their appropriate regulation is necessary in order to generate the body plan successfully. The morphological and anatomical organization of stem cells varies among land plants [3] (Table 1), and comparisons of their regulatory systems in different land plant lineages should be useful in deducing the evolution of body plans as well as understanding the commonalities and differences in stem cell regulatory systems. After several days of cultivation, chloronema apical stem cells transform into caulonema apical stem cells that produce caulonema cells [12]. Both chloronemata and caulonemata are filamentous, and together they are referred to as protonemata.Chloronema cells with round, green chloroplasts are adaptive for photosynthesis, whereas caulonema cells, which are characterized by more rapid growth and spindle-shaped, less-green chloroplasts, are adapted for expansion. The transition from a chloronema to a caulonema apical stem cell is enhanced and retarded by glucose and ammonium ion, respectively, supplemented in the medium, suggesting that the stem cell transition is regulated by the carbon/nitrogen ratio [13] via photosynthesis and metabolic genes including hexokinase [14,15]. Phytochrome and cryptochrome signaling pathways inhibit the chloronema-to-caulonema transition [16,17]. Auxin [18] and the basic helix-loop helix transcription factors ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE SIX-LIKE1 (PpRSL1) and PpRSL2 [19] as well as diterpenes derived from a gibberellin precursor [20] positively regulate the transition, whereas cytokinin is a indispensable factor for shoot stem cell initiation and maintenance in angiosperms [48] with regulation at the upper levels [49,50]. However, loss of class 1 KNOX genes in Physcomitrella does not cause defects in sporophyte stem cell division other than slight changes in the division angle, but instead causes pleiotropic defects in the later stages of development, suggesting that meristem functions of class 1 KNOX genes were acquired Kofuji and Hasebe 8 in the angiosperm lineage after the divergence of the moss lineage [51].After the PRC2-mediated arrest of sporophyte apical stem cell activity, the cells that have already been produced divide to form the three major parts of a sporophyte body: a sporangium that forms spores via meiosis, a seta that serves as a stalk for the sporangium, and a foot that anchors the sporophyte and interacts with the gametophore tissue [39,51]. The seta meristem has higher cell division...

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“…Marchantiophyta (liverworts), Anthocerotophyta (hornworts), and Bryophyta (mosses) (e.g. Mishler & Churchill 1984, Kenrick & Crane 1997, Shaw & Renzaglia 2004, Qiu et al 2007. Similarly, those plants historically classified as 'pteridophytes' and 'ferns and fern allies'represent a paraphyletic assemblage, including the lycophytes, horsetails, whisk ferns, and all eusporangiate and leptosporangiate ferns (Smith et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lichens are classified as fungi (predominately ascomycetes, Nash 2008) whereas bryophytes are related to vascular plants, including ferns and lycophytes (Kenrick & Crane 1997). Neither lichens nor bryophytes are monophyletic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A brief history of the cryptogams of Fiji and prospects for the future

Konrat¹,

Naikatini²,

Tuiwawa³

et al. 2011

Telopea

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A brief history of Fijian cryptogams, including bryophytes, ferns and lycophytes, and lichenised fungi, is provided. Brief comments on the future prospects for the systematics and conservation of these groups of organisms are provided. An overview of the six Fijian contributions is also provided. In contrast to many other biodiversity hotspots, the current study highlights our limited floristic knowledge of the Fijian cryptogams.

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The origin and early evolution of plants on land

Cited by 1,261 publications

References 10 publications

Hormonal regulation in green plant lineage families

Hormonal regulation in green plant lineage families

Eight types of stem cells in the life cycle of the moss Physcomitrella patens

A brief history of the cryptogams of Fiji and prospects for the future

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