The origin and abundances of the chemical elements

Trimble, Virginia

doi:10.1103/revmodphys.47.877

Cited by 212 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 590 publications

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“…A plot of p-process abundances using current best data (Anders and Grevasse 1989) is indistinguishable from Fig. 3 of Trimble (1975). Only two values of A have more than one p-process nuclide.…”

Section: The P-processmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…to get the solar system average. Donald D. Clayton was already a strong advocate of such pre-solar grains at the time of the 1974 NATO conference (Trimble 1975), while most other participants expressed considerable scepticism. The idea is now so much a part of the conventional wisdom that no special mention of it is thought necessary in typical discussions of the anomalies (Niemeyer 1988;Hartmann 1988), though mercifully Clayton's choice of a name for the grains, SUNOCONS (for SUperNOva CONdensateS) does not seem to have caught on.…”

Section: Solar System Anomaliesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The justification for regarding these as equal primary standards is given in Trimble (1975) and many other places. The normalization between the two is now pinned down to about 5%.…”

Section: Solar System ("Cosmic")mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The present paper falls considerably short of this goal. Last time around (Trimble 1975), I declared out of bounds (a) D/H in molecules, (b) the solar corona/photosphere iron discrepancy, (c) weak He lines in QSO's and the galactic center, (d) peculiar A stars, (e) low energy solar flare particles, and (f) observed galactic cosmic ray abundances, on the grounds that these all reflected primarily non-nuclear processing, including chemical fractionation, ionization-potential dependent effects, incomplete ionization, and spallation (this is, of course, a nuclear process, but not a nucleosynthetic one except for Li, Be, and B). In retrospect, I think each of these exclusions was justified.…”

Section: Topics Not Coveredmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These are the primary topics of the sections which follow. Intermediate progress reports can be found in Ahrens (1968), Trimble (1975), Truran (1984), and Mathews (1988). Rolfs and Rodney (1988) have provided a well-organized textbook introduction to nuclear astrophysics and nucleosynthesis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The origin and abundances of the chemical elements revisited

Trimble

1991

The Astron Astrophys Rev

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Section: The P-processmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Solar System Anomaliesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The justification for regarding these as equal primary standards is given in Trimble (1975) and many other places. The normalization between the two is now pinned down to about 5%.…”

Section: Solar System ("Cosmic")mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Topics Not Coveredmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The origin and abundances of the chemical elements revisited

Trimble

1991

The Astron Astrophys Rev

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Actinides and Transactinides

Seaborg

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Actinides and Transactinides

Seaborg

Hoffman

Lee

2001

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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The actinide elements are a group of chemically similar elements with atomic numbers 89 through 103, and include actinium, thorium, protactinium, uranium, neptunium, plutonium, americium, curium, berkelium, californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, nobelium, and lawrencium. Each of the elements has a number of isotopes, all radioactive. Thorium, uranium, and plutonium are well known for their role as the basic fuels (or sources of fuel) for the release of nuclear energy. The importance of the remainder of the actinide group lies at present in research. The actinides present a storage‐life problem in nuclear waste disposal. Only the members of the actinide group through Pu have been found to occur in nature. Thorium and uranium occur widely in the earth's crust in combination with other elements, and, in the case of uranium, in significant concentrations in the oceans. With these exceptions, the actinide elements are synthetic in origin for practical purposes, ie, they are products of nuclear reactions. All the actinide elements are radioactive, and, except for thorium and uranium, special equipment and shielded facilities are usually necessary for their manipulation. Special techniques for experimentation with the actinide elements other than Th and U have been devised because of the potential health hazard to the experimenter and the small amounts available. The actinide elements exhibit uniformity in ionic types. Corresponding ionic types are similar in chemical behavior, although the relative stabilities differ from element to element. Of the actinide ions, the small, highly charged \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${{\rm{M}}{^{4+}}}$\end{document} ions exhibit the greatest degree of hydrolysis and complex ion formation. The actinide metals, like the lanthanide metals, are highly electropositive. They can be prepared by the electrolysis of molten salts or by the reduction of a halide with an electropositive metal, such as calcium or barium. Thousands of compounds of the actinide elements have been prepared. The elements beyond the actinides in the periodic table can be termed the transactinides. These begin with the element having atomic number 104 and extend, in principle, indefinitely. Nine such elements, numbers 104–1112, are now known, and evidence for the observation of elements 114, 116, and 118 was published in 1999. These reports now await confirmation. Thse elements are synthesized by the bombardment of heavy nuclides with heavy ions. Modern high‐speed computers have made possible the calculation of the electronic structure of the atoms, which gives some general guidance about chemical properties. Recently, the even more difficult theoretical problem of predicting the behavior of molecular species under actual experimental conditions has been addressed using relativistic quantum‐chemical calculations combined with fundamental physicochemical considerations.

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The origin and abundances of the chemical elements

Cited by 212 publications

References 590 publications

The origin and abundances of the chemical elements revisited

The origin and abundances of the chemical elements revisited

Actinides and Transactinides

Actinides and Transactinides

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