The orienting reflex as a function of the interstimulus interval of compound stimuli.

Allen, Charles K.; Hill, Frances A.; Wickens, Delos D.

doi:10.1037/h0042930

Cited by 28 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Thompson and Spencer (1966) state that one of the nine parametric characteristics of habituation is that "habituation of response to a given stimulus exhibits stimulus gen-eralization to other stimuli." A large number of previous studies have shown that following habituation to one stimulus an intermodal or intramodal change in stimulus characteristics leads to increased responsiveness in adult humans (Allen, Hill, & Wickens, 1963;Badia & Defran, 1970;Coombs, 1938;Hare, 1968;Houck & Mefferd, 1969;Korn & Moyer, 1968;Weisbard & Graham, 1971;Zimmy, Pawlick, & Sour, 1969), human infants (Bernstein, Kessen, & Weiskopf, in press;Bridger, 1961), and other organisms (Bagshaw & Benzies, 1968;Bagshaw, Kimble, & Pribram, 1965;Peeke & Peeke, 1973). Although there is less abundant evidence that the amount of response increment is a function of the amount of difference between training and test stimuli, this relationship has now been demonstrated in several different organisms by using a variety of response measures (Apelbaum, Silva, Frick, & Segundo, 1960;Gorman, 1967;Engen & Lipsitt, 1965;Greer, 1969;Sokolov, 1963;Williams, 1963).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ontogeny of auditory frequency generalization in the chicken.

Rubel¹,

Rosenthal²

1975

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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To determine if there is an ontogenetic change in stimulus coding, chickens between the day of hatching and 9-10 days old were tested using a habituation-generalization paradigm. Experiment 1 indicated that 1-day-old and 3-4-day-old chicks show similar habituation of an eye-opening response to auditory stimuli in the 800-1,200-Hz range. In Experiment 2 the eyeopening response to a 1,000-Hz stimulus was habituated and then immediately tested using stimuli which varied between 800 and 1,200 Hz. Each age-group (1 day, 3-4 days, and 9-10 days) showed a symmetrical stimulus generalization gradient around the 1,000-Hz stimulus and the 1-day-old chicks displayed a reliably flatter gradient than either of the older groups, which did not differ. In a third experiment, the position of the gradients relative to the baseline was shifted without altering the relative shapes. These results allow general arousal, general auditory responsiveness, overall error rate, and metric characteristics of the independent and dependent variables to be eliminated as possible sources of the age differences in gradient shape. The changes in stimulus generalization, therefore, support the view that during normal development there is a sharpening of perceptual coding processes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ontogeny of auditory frequency generalization in the chicken.

Rubel¹,

Rosenthal²

1975

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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“…In the case any "positive" results are open to the method-of the SSCE OR argument, it is interesting to note ological-confound version of the SSCE OR argu-that the evidence that has been adduced in its ment. Yet there is probably no issue which is more support has uniformly been used on conditioning critical to our theoretical understanding of SCR "analog" (Badia & Defran, 1970) situations where conditioning, since the short interval US-CS para-"surrogate" (Allen, Hill, & Wickens, 1963) rather digm is one where S-R contiguity-reinforcement than real USs are used. Yet when the identical theory (cf., e.g., Jones, 1962) and Russian positions "surrogate'' US arrangements (e.g., Furedy, 1969) (cf., Gormezano & Tait, 1976), predict excitatory yielded apparently contrary results to the argument, conditioning, most North American "pairings" the common reaction of referees and other propoanalyses predict no conditioning, and "contin-nents of the argument was that such conditioning gency" positions (cf., e.g., Rescorla, 1967) predict "analog" situations were not, after all, "relevant" inhibitory conditioning.…”

Section: Analytic Examination Of the Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Short‐Interval Classical SCR Conditioning and the Stimulus‐Sequence‐Change‐Elicited OR: The Case of the Empirical Red Herring

Furedy

Poulos

1977

Psychophysiology

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Classical conditioning experiments which employ CS‐US intervals shorter than the latency of the CR, and which therefore require interspersed CS‐alone test trials to assess conditioning, are open to the stimulus‐sequence‐change‐elicited (SSCE) OR argument. The form of the SSCE argument which denies associative status to SCRs elicited by the CS‐alone test trials is here termed an “empirical red herring” because: a) the argument cannot be dismissed on purely logical grounds, but requires the assessment of evidence for its examination; b) the argument enjoys empirical plausibility in the minds of the scientific community, as evidenced by published statements in both experimental articles and textbook chapters on autonomic conditioning; c) critical examination of the evidence which apparently supports the argument reveals that while the argument has provided a fascinating byway in the progress of our understanding of SCR conditioning, it is now time to bid farewell to the argument since it lacks any genuine empirical base. In the course of examining this particular argument, both the advantages and disadvantages of such arguments for scientific progress are discussed. Finally, it is emphasized that if one wants to study multiple‐response phenomena in SCR conditioning, then a longer CS‐US interval is clearly desirable. Our message only is that if the aim is to study SCR conditioning—defined as an increase in responding to a CS relative to some appropriate control condition(s) which is attributable to the contiguity of the CS with the UR to the US—in its most robust form, then the short‐interval CS‐US arrangement should not be avoided on the basis of the SSCE argument which, on examination, turns out to be an empirical red herring.

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“…The ISI pattern which is most common in conditioning and which has been examined from an OR point of view by other investigators (e.g., Allen, Hill, & Wickens, 1963;Stern, Das, Anderson, Biddy, & Surphlis, 1961) is the "forward" one where cs onset precedes ucs onset by a short time interval. The pattern which the present experiment sought to duplicate was a "backward" one, where the ucs-cs onset interval was 0.75 see.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodermal and plethysmographic OR components: Repetition of and change from USC-CS trials with surrogate UCS.

Furedy¹

1969

Canadian Journal of Psychology / Revue canadienne de psychologi

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For 40 Ss a tone and a light were repeatedly paired (P) in the same order (e.g., tone-light) for 15 trials, after which the second member of the pair (e.g., light) was presented alone as the change trial. For another 40 Ss the repetition consisted of 15 single (S) tone (or light) presentations followed by the light (or tone) as the change trial. The duration of both stimuli was 0.3 sec, the interstimulus interval (on P trials) was 0.75 sec, and the mean intertrial interval approximated 45 sec. The GSH and digital-blood-volume-pulse change (VPC) were recorded. The GSR habituated reliably and at the same rate to both repeated patterns over trials 1-15, but the VPC did not habituate to either pattern. Change from both S and P repetition produced response increases, but the increase under the P condition was not so pronounced as to inspire confidence in explanations of ucs-cs conditioning in terms of OR reinstatement to change.

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The orienting reflex as a function of the interstimulus interval of compound stimuli.

Cited by 28 publications

References 12 publications

The ontogeny of auditory frequency generalization in the chicken.

The ontogeny of auditory frequency generalization in the chicken.

Short‐Interval Classical SCR Conditioning and the Stimulus‐Sequence‐Change‐Elicited OR: The Case of the Empirical Red Herring

Electrodermal and plethysmographic OR components: Repetition of and change from USC-CS trials with surrogate UCS.

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