The orienting reflex and attention in cognitive development.

Jeffrey, Wendell E.

doi:10.1037/h0025898

Cited by 104 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Habituation, the decrease in a behavioral response to repeated presentation of a novel stimulus, is the most ubiquitous behavioral modification found in animals and man and one of the simplest paradigms for probing memory mechanisms (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). Habituation in different response systems and in different animals probably cannot be explained by a single neuronal mechanism.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Quantal Analysis of the Synaptic Depression Underlying Habituation of the Gill-Withdrawal Reflex in Aplysia

Castellucci

Kandel

1974

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

278

131

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Habituation, one of the simplest behavioral paradigms for studying memory, has recently been examined on the cellular level in the gill-withdrawal reflex in the mollusc Aplysia and in the escape response in crayfish. In both cases short-term habituation involved a decrease in excitatory synaptic transmission at the synapses between the sensory neurons and their central target cells. To analyze the mechanisms of the synaptic depression in Aplysia, we applied a quantal analysis to synaptic transmission between the sensory and motor neurons of the gillwithdrawal reflex. Our results indicate that short-term habituation results from a presynaptic mechanism: a decrease in the number of transmitter quanta released per impulse. The sensitivity of the postsynaptic receptor remains unaltered.Habituation, the decrease in a behavioral response to repeated presentation of a novel stimulus, is the most ubiquitous behavioral modification found in animals and man and one of the simplest paradigms for probing memory mechanisms (1-5). Habituation in different response systems and in different animals probably cannot be explained by a single neuronal mechanism. But in animals having a well-differentiated central nervous system, certain types of habituation share similar parametric features and time course, making it likely that in these cases a restricted family of mechanisms is involved. Thus certain reflex responses of vertebrates and higher invertebrates undergo short-term habituation lasting minutes and hours following a single training session of TO to 15 stimuli, but repeated training sessions can produce long-term habituation that lasts weeks. The acquisition of long-term habituation is sensitive to the pattern of stimulation. Spaced training is more effective in producing the long-term effects than is massed training. Finally, immediate restoration of a habituated response (dishabituation) can be produced by stimulating another pathway (2, 6).Because habituation can be studied in higher invertebrates and simple vertebrate systems, it is the only behavioral modification that has been successfully studied on the cellular level. In the gill-withdrawal reflex in the mollusc Aplysia (7) and in the escape response in crayfish (8), short-term habituation has been found to involve a similar cellular locus and a common synaptic change. There is a decrease in excitatory synaptic transmission (homosynaptic depression) at the central synapses made by the sensory neurons on their central target cells. Synaptic depression, although at a different locus, may also underlie habituation of the flexion reflex in vertebrates (9).The mechanism producing the synaptic depression is not known. It could be either a presynaptic change in transmitter release or a postsynaptic change in receptor responsiveness. To distinguish between these alternatives a quantal analysis is required. With rare exception (10, 11) this has been difficult to achieve in central neurons because they receive many synaptic inputs, making the analysis of spontaneous ...

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confidence: 99%

A Quantal Analysis of the Synaptic Depression Underlying Habituation of the Gill-Withdrawal Reflex in Aplysia

Castellucci

Kandel

1974

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

278

131

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“…A notre avis, l'étude des activités oculo-motrices est vitale pour la compréhension des particularités d'organisation de cette connaissance. Déjà, des chercheurs ont démontré l'importance du balayage visuel (scanning) comme indicateur de l'organisation séquen-cielle de l'attention (Haber, Hershenson, 1973 ;Kahneman, 1973) ; d'autres ont pu certifier son influence dans la construction de représentations mentales (Hebb, 1949 ;Zaporozhets, 1965Jeffrey, 1968Piaget, 1969 ;Noton et Stark, (197 la). Dans de telles perspectives, il n'est pas utopique de croire que l'accumulation de données sur les démarches oculaires peut conduire à l'élaboration de modèles cognitifs cohérents.…”

Section: Activités Oculaires Et Cognitionunclassified

La communication AV vue à travers le prisme de la perception visuelle

Fleury

2009

rse

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Cet article passe en revue les principaux travaux reliant la perception visuelle et la cognition. Après avoir tracé un tableau des efforts de recherche dans le domaine de l’analyse des mouvements oculaires, l’auteur souligne l’importance que représente l’étude du balayage visuel comme indicateur de l’organisation séquentielle de l’attention. Le développement d’échelles de mesure en psycho-physiologie permettrait, selon l’auteur, de mieux cerner les possibilités d’adaptation des écoliers aux diverses catégories de stimuli qui leur sont présentées quotidiennement.This paper reviews the principal studies relating visual perception and cognition. Following a description of research reports of eye movement analysis, the author stresses the importance of visual scanning studies as an indicator of the sequential organization of attention. According to the author, the development of measurement stages in psycho-physiology would permit a better understanding of the possibilities for students to adapt to the diverse categories of stimuli to which they are presently subjected.Este artículo hace una revisión de los principales trabajos que relacionan la percepción visual y el conocimiento. Después de haber trazado un cuadro sobre los esfuerzos de investigación realizados en el campo del análisis de los movimientos oculares, el autor subraya la importancia que representa el estudio del recorrido visual como indicador de la organización secuencial de la atención. El desarrollo de escalas de medidas en la psico-fisiologia permitiría, según el autor, de precisar las posibilidades de adaptación de los escolares a las diverses categorías de estímulos que les son presentados diariamente.Dieser Artikel untersucht eine Reihe wichtiger Arbeiten, welche das Sehen und die Erkenntnis in Verbindung bringen. Nach einer Übersich über die Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiet der Analyse der Augenbewegungen unterstreicht der Verfasser die Bedeutung des Studiums der raschen Bildfolge für die Messung des sequentiellen Aufbaus der Aufmerksamkeit. Der Verfasser ist der Meinung, dass die Entwicklung von Mess-Skalen in der Psycho-Physiologie eine bessere Erfassung der Anpassungsfähigkeit der Schüler an die ihnen täglich vorgesetzten verschiedenen Reizkategorien erlauben würde

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“…Nearly all the important experimental effort has so far been aimed at understanding directly the role of the cerebral processes themselves, with little regard for the evidence that might be obtained from an analysis of the visual orienting responses. Several quite recent publications have started to redress this imbalance (see, for example, Jeffrey, 1968;Cowan, 1968;Treisman, 1969;J. Mackworth, 1969J.…”

Section: Discussion (1) Cerebral Control Of the Line Of Sightmentioning

confidence: 99%