The organization of the rat motor cortex: A microstimulation mapping study

Neafsey, Edward J.; Bold, E. L.; Haas, Gretchen L.; Hurley-Gius, Karen M.; Quirk, Gregory J.; Sievert, Carl; Terreberry, R. R.

doi:10.1016/0165-0173(86)90011-1

Cited by 588 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The stereotaxic coordinates that evoked movements were similar to previous reports (Hall and Lindholm, 1974; Neafsey et al, 1986; Hoffer et al, 2003; Brecht et al, 2004; Haiss and Schwarz, 2005). Electrodes were positioned orthogonal to the pial surface and inserted to depths (~1 mm) that correspond to layer V, which contains corticobulbar and corticospinal neurons.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 87%

Interhemispheric claustral circuits coordinate sensory and motor cortical areas that regulate exploratory behaviors

Smith

Alloway

2014

Front. Syst. Neurosci.

108

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The claustrum has a role in the interhemispheric transfer of certain types of sensorimotor information. Whereas the whisker region in rat motor (M1) cortex sends dense projections to the contralateral claustrum, the M1 forelimb representation does not. The claustrum sends strong ipsilateral projections to the whisker regions in M1 and somatosensory (S1) cortex, but its projections to the forelimb cortical areas are weak. These distinctions suggest that one function of the M1 projections to the contralateral claustrum is to coordinate the cortical areas that regulate peripheral sensor movements during behaviors that depend on bilateral sensory acquisition. If this hypothesis is true, then similar interhemispheric circuits should interconnect the frontal eye fields (FEF) with the contralateral claustrum and its network of projections to vision-related cortical areas. To test this hypothesis, anterograde and retrograde tracers were placed in physiologically-defined parts of the FEF and primary visual cortex (V1) in rats. We observed dense FEF projections to the contralateral claustrum that terminated in the midst of claustral neurons that project to both FEF and V1. While the FEF inputs to the claustrum come predominantly from the contralateral hemisphere, the claustral projections to FEF and V1 are primarily ipsilateral. Detailed comparison of the present results with our previous studies on somatomotor claustral circuitry revealed a well-defined functional topography in which the ventral claustrum is connected with visuomotor cortical areas and the dorsal regions are connected with somatomotor areas. These results suggest that subregions within the claustrum play a critical role in coordinating the cortical areas that regulate the acquisition of modality-specific sensory information during exploration and other behaviors that require sensory attention.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 87%

Interhemispheric claustral circuits coordinate sensory and motor cortical areas that regulate exploratory behaviors

Smith

Alloway

2014

Front. Syst. Neurosci.

108

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“…Within 24 hours of the final VNS paired training session rats underwent intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) of the left motor cortex to derive functional maps in cortex contralateral to the trained limb using standard procedures [5, 37-39]. An additional 8 rats that did not receive motor training underwent ICMS as naïve controls.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reorganization of Motor Cortex by Vagus Nerve Stimulation Requires Cholinergic Innervation

et al. 2016

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Background Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) paired with forelimb training drives robust, specific reorganization of movement representations in the motor cortex. The mechanisms that underlie VNS-dependent enhancement of map plasticity are largely unknown. The cholinergic nucleus basalis (NB) is a critical substrate in cortical plasticity, and several studies suggest that VNS activates cholinergic circuitry. Objective We examined whether the NB is required for VNS-dependent enhancement of map plasticity in the motor cortex. Methods Rats were trained to perform a lever pressing task and then received injections of the immunotoxin 192-IgG-saporin to selectively lesion cholinergic neurons of the NB. After lesion, rats underwent five days of motor training during which VNS was paired with successful trials. At the conclusion of behavioral training, intracortical microstimulation was used to document movement representations in motor cortex. Results VNS paired with forelimb training resulted in a substantial increase in the representation of proximal forelimb in rats with an intact NB compared to untrained controls. NB lesions prevent this VNS-dependent increase in proximal forelimb area and result in representations similar to untrained controls. Motor performance was similar between groups, suggesting that differences in forelimb function cannot account for the difference in proximal forelimb representation. Conclusions Together, these findings indicate that the NB is required for VNS-dependent enhancement of plasticity in the motor cortex and may provide insight into the mechanisms that underlie the benefits of VNS therapy.

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“…The sensorimotor cortex opposite to the stroke lesion site was exposed, and 2 injections of 1l each of a 10% biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) solution (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) were placed stereotaxically into the forelimb sensorimotor cortex as described by Neafsey et al 33 Two weeks after BDA injection, animals were overdosed with sodium pentobarbital and perfused with 4% PFA. Brains were cut into 50m coronal sections and reacted for BDA by the semi-free-floating method.…”

Section: Biotinylated Dextran Amine Tracingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional recovery and neuroanatomical plasticity following middle cerebral artery occlusion and IN‐1 antibody treatment in the adult rat

Papadopoulos

Tsai

Alsbiei

et al. 2002

Annals of Neurology

227

233

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Stroke is a prevalent and devastating disorder, and no treatment is currently available to restore lost neuronal function after stroke occurs. One unique therapy that may improve functional recovery after stroke is blockade of the neurite inhibitory protein Nogo-A with the monoclonal antibody IN-1, through enhancement of neuroanatomical plasticity from uninjured areas of the central nervous system. In the present study, we combined IN-1 treatment with an ischemic lesion (permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion) to determine the effect of Nogo-A neutralization on cortical plasticity and functional recovery. We report here that, following ischemic stroke and treatment with IN-1, adult rats demonstrated functional recovery on a forelimb-reaching task and new cortico-efferent projections from the opposite, unlesioned hemisphere. These results support the efficacy of Nogo-A blockade as a treatment for ischemic stroke and implicate plasticity from the unlesioned hemisphere as a mechanism for recovery.

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The organization of the rat motor cortex: A microstimulation mapping study

Cited by 588 publications

References 47 publications

Interhemispheric claustral circuits coordinate sensory and motor cortical areas that regulate exploratory behaviors

Interhemispheric claustral circuits coordinate sensory and motor cortical areas that regulate exploratory behaviors

Reorganization of Motor Cortex by Vagus Nerve Stimulation Requires Cholinergic Innervation

Functional recovery and neuroanatomical plasticity following middle cerebral artery occlusion and IN‐1 antibody treatment in the adult rat

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