The Organization of the Pre-Spawning Behaviour in the Cichlid Fish Aequidens Portalegrensis (Hensel)

Baerends, Gerard P.

doi:10.1163/002829684x00191

Cited by 22 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…Male parental care is usually limited to guarding the offspring during its free-swimming stage. This marked division of labor has been described for several substrate-brooding cichlids (Baerends and Baerends Van Roon 1950;Baerends 1984;Kuwamura 1986;Gashagaza 199 1;reviewed in Barlow 199 1;Keenleyside 199 1;Stiassny and Gestner 1992). While most cichlid lineages are relatively uniform in terms of their breeding behavior, the Lamprologini evolved a high diversity from ancestral to highly derived patterns of parental care such as breeding in gastropod shells, polygyny, or the recruitment of the offspring as helpers for parental care (table 3 ) .…”

Section: The Evolution Of Specialized Parental Carementioning

confidence: 75%

Mitochondrial phylogeny of the Lamprologini, the major substrate spawning lineage of cichild fishes from Lake Tanganyika in eastern Africa.

Sturmbauer

Verheyen²,

Meyer³

1994

Molecular Biology and Evolution

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Lake Tanganyika harbors the oldest, morphologically and behaviorally most diverse flock of cichlid species. While the cichlids in Lakes Malawi and Victoria breed their eggs exclusively by buccal incubation (termed "mouthbrooding"), the Tanganyikan cichlid fauna comprise mouthbrooding and substrate-spawning lineages (fish spawn on rocks, and never orally incubate eggs or wrigglers). The substrate-spawning tribe Lamprologini appears to occupy a key position that might allow one to elucidate the origin of the Tanganyika flock, because five rive&e (therefore nonendemic) species from the Zaire River system have been assigned to this tribe, in addition to the lake's endemic species, which make up almost 50% of all 17 1 species known from this lake (Poll 1986). From 16 species ( 18 individuals) of the tribe Lamprologini, a 402-bp segment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was sequenced, and, from 25 lamprologine species (35 individuals), sequences from the mitochondrial control region were obtained. To place the Lamprologini into a larger phylogenetic framework, orthologous sequences were obtained from eight nonlamprologine Tanganyikan cichlid species ( 13 individuals). The Lamprologini are monophyletic, and a clade of six Tanganyikan lineages of mouthbrooders, representing five tribes (Poll 1986), appears to be their sister group. Comparisons of sequence divergences of the control region indicate that the Lamprologini may be older than the endemic Tanganyikan tribe Ectodini, and short basal branches might suggest a rapid formation of lineages at an early stage of the Tanganyika radiation. It is interesting that three analyzed riverine members of the tribe form a monophyletic group; however, they are not the most ancestral branch of the Lamprologini. This might indicate that they are derived from an endemic lamprologine ancestor that left Lake Tanganyika by entering the Zaire River system. These riverine species may not have seeded the Tanganyikan radiation, as currently thought, but may have recently recolonized the river after a long period of isolation, as soon as the lake was connected to the Zaire River again about 2 Mya. Neolumprologus moorii, endemic to Lake Tanganyika, appears to represent the most basal clade of the Lamprologini. Complex breeding behavior, involving the usage of gastropod shells and associated with dwarfism, is likely to have evolved in parallel in several lineages among the Lamprologini. The tribe Lamprologini may be in need of revision, since several genera appear to be polyphyletic.

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Section: The Evolution Of Specialized Parental Carementioning

confidence: 75%

Mitochondrial phylogeny of the Lamprologini, the major substrate spawning lineage of cichild fishes from Lake Tanganyika in eastern Africa.

Sturmbauer

Verheyen²,

Meyer³

1994

Molecular Biology and Evolution

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“…Gull displays are a classical example of postures that developed during their evolution from intention movements of aggression and fear. It is possible that the displays in young gulls are still (partly) under the control of internal factors controlling aggression and fear (as seems to be the case for the displays in cichlid fish, extensively studied by BAERENDS (1984) andVODEGEL (1978). Moreover, some authors (e.g.…”

Section: Regardlessmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Ontogeny of Display Behaviour in the Black-Headed Gull: I. the Gradual Emergence of the Adult Forms

Groothuis

1989

Behav

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The central question in this paper concerns the mechanism by which displays develop their species-specific sterotyped form. To this end the ontogeny of display behaviour in the black-headed gull was studied in birds kept and raised in aviaries. First it was analyzed whether the complete adult form of the display is present early in the chick, or whether it develops gradually over a longer period. Second, to answer the question whether experience with incomplete forms of display is necessary to develop the complete form, the normal display development was manipulated. The descriptive part of the results deals with a detailed quantitative description of the form development in 3 agonistic displays: choking, oblique and forward, and with the development of the begging display. Data are presented concerning: ontogenetic changes in frequency of several form elements of postures and vocalizations, changes in their combinations, changes in duration of displays and changes in the context and sequences of displays. The development of these displays is summarized in Fig. 2. Choking develops from crouching via incomplete forms of choking. First a choking-like vocalization develops in which the notes are more and more placed in a stereotyped rhythm. This call is performed by young chicks first during crouching, but later almost exclusively during choking-like postures in which the bill points downwards. During ontogeny, these bill-down postures are increasingly performed with extended carpal joints, with a tilted body, with head movements, and while standing and not hiding, in this order. From the age of two weeks on, the young regularly extend the neck upwards while choking. These postures are increasingly performed with a particular modification of the choking-like vocalization, which gradually develops to the adult long-call, typical for the adult oblique display. Two independent sound sources in the vocal apparatus of the gull seem to be involved in the development of the long-call. Early oblique-like postures are often performed with the bill held down, as in choking. Older young perform oblique-like postures more often with bill positions typical for adults, but with the neck held vertically. Young older than 10 weeks often perform normal adult oblique postures. By this time the duration of the postures has increased considerably. The sequence of the oblique with the forward, which is typical for adults, is also regularly seen from this time onwards. Begging consists of a rapid up-and-down movement of the head; during every downward movement a specific call is uttered. In very young chicks, this display is hardly distinguishable from the alert posture. During ontogeny, the duration of the pumping bouts increases, while the form changes. This change in form is due to the fact that the incomplete form of the forward becomes integrated in the begging display, while this posture also changes in form. This integration of the alert and the incomplete form of the forward is reflected by the fact that in the begging display both the call typical for the alert posture, and the call typical for the incomplete forward posture, is given. The forward develops by a gradual lowering of the head and a more pronounced extension of the neck, while the carpal joints are increasingly raised. Adult gulls often perform the posture with an upward pointed bill and a bent in the neck. In accord with data from the literature it was found that under special conditions the young chick is capable of performing adult display. As a rule, however, before the tenth week of age, young gulls show incomplete forms of display. All species-specific adult displays, postures as well as vocalizations, develop gradually towards a more complete and pronounced form. This process takes place by addition of new form elements to already existing combinations, and by changes in the form of some elements. A display can also be built upon elements of another display. Nevertheless, the development of the form of the displays cannot be attributed to an increasing amount of coordination of the different elements; only the expression of the complete pattern increases with age. For the occurrence of one form element of an adult display in the precursor display of the chick is positively correlated with the occurrence of other such elements in that incomplete display. This already is the case early in ontogeny, before the complete form is regularly performed. The adult displays are not completely fixed in their form, and the variability in some displays of adults is of the same order as in the chick. The second part of this paper deals with an experiment in which the normal course of the development of display behaviour was manipulated. Since the displays seem to develop during social interactions with parents (the begging display) or with intruders on the territory (the agonistic displays), young birds are raised in small groups with conspecifics of the same age. Agonistic- and begging interactions in these groups are rare an the development of display behaviour, both in frequency and in form, is retarded. Based on the frequency of overt aggression and on the plumage of the birds, it is likely that in these birds also the development of agonistic behaviour and the testosterone production is retarded. At the age of 15 weeks, these birds are confronted with unknown conspecifics. Although the frequency of the displays increases during the test, the form of the postures still appears to be incomplete; the birds do not seem to be able to perform complete display postures at an age at which normally raised birds perform complete display very often. Based on the data of both the descriptive study as well as the experiment, possible mechanisms for the development of display behaviour arc discussed. The main items are: "imitation"; "matching" on the basis of feedback of the performed display via reactions of conspecifics or proprioceptive information and development of motivational factors including testosterone. This discussion lays the basis for a series of experiments which will be reported separately.

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“…First, they are often highly visual and occupy an optically diverse range of habitats, from shallow, brightly lit coral reefs to pitch-dark depths of more than 8000 m (Lythgoe, 1979). Second, there is a long history of studying acuity in fishes, owing to previous work focusing on how acuity changes over ontogeny (Baburina et al, 1968;Baerends et al, 1960;Blaxter and Jones, 1967;Connell, 1963;Hairston et al, 1982;Hester, 1968;Johns and Easter, 1977;Lyall, 1957;Neave, 1984;Otten, 1981;Tamura, 1957;Yamanouchi, 1956). Third, previous studies on small numbers of fish species have found that acuity varies greatly (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual acuity in ray-finned fishes correlates with eye size and habitat

Caves

Sutton

Johnsen

2017

Journal of Experimental Biology

109

137

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Visual acuity (the ability to resolve spatial detail) is highly variable across fishes. However, little is known about the evolutionary pressures underlying this variation. We reviewed published literature to create an acuity database for 159 species of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii). Within a subset of those species for which we had phylogenetic information and anatomically measured acuity data (n=81), we examined relationships between acuity and both morphological (eye size and body size) and ecological (light level, water turbidity, habitat spatial complexity and diet) variables. Acuity was significantly correlated with eye size (P<0.001); a weaker correlation with body size occurred via a correlation between eye and body size (P<0.001). Acuity decreased as light level decreased and turbidity increased; however, these decreases resulted from fishes in dark or murky environments having smaller eyes and bodies than those in bright or clear environments. We also found significantly lower acuity in horizon-dominated habitats than in featureless or complex habitats. Higher acuity in featureless habitats is likely due to species having absolutely larger eyes and bodies in that environment, though eye size relative to body size is not significantly different from that in complex environments. Controlling for relative eye size, we found that species in complex environments have even higher acuity than predicted. We found no relationship between visual acuity and diet. Our results show that eye size is a primary factor underlying variation in fish acuity. We additionally show that habitat type is an important ecological factor that correlates with acuity in certain species.

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The Organization of the Pre-Spawning Behaviour in the Cichlid Fish Aequidens Portalegrensis (Hensel)

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Mitochondrial phylogeny of the Lamprologini, the major substrate spawning lineage of cichild fishes from Lake Tanganyika in eastern Africa.

Mitochondrial phylogeny of the Lamprologini, the major substrate spawning lineage of cichild fishes from Lake Tanganyika in eastern Africa.

On the Ontogeny of Display Behaviour in the Black-Headed Gull: I. the Gradual Emergence of the Adult Forms

Visual acuity in ray-finned fishes correlates with eye size and habitat

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