“…As noted earlier, these results suggest that education may have paradoxical effects on expressions of racism and group dominance. On the one hand, there is a sizable body of evidence suggesting that direct expressions of racism tend to decrease with increasing levels of education (e.g., Kahn, 1951; Lipset, 1960; McClosky & Zaller, 1984; Sidanius et al, 1991; Sinclair, Sidanius, & Levin, 1998). At the same time, however, it is also now clear that generalized predispositions (e.g., conservatism), policy-relevant issue considerations (e.g., principled objections), and racial-policy attitudes (e.g., opposition to affirmative action) become more strongly linked to racism and other expressions of group dominance as people become more educated.…”