The Ordovician diversification of sea urchins: systematics of the Bothriocidaroida (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

Thompson, Jeffrey R.; Cotton, Laura; Candela, Yves; Kutscher, Manfred; Reich, Mike; Bottjer, David J.

doi:10.1080/14772019.2022.2042408

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…2017; Thompson et al . 2021), records of echinoid plates and putative isolated holothuroid sclerites in the lower Middle Ordovician (Reich 2009a, 2009b; Lefebvre et al . 2013), and the Middle Ordovician appearance of stem‐holothuroid ophiocistioids (Smith & Reich 2013; Rahman et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological novelty at the start of the Cambrian and Ordovician radiations of echinoderms

Novack‐Gottshall,

Purcell,

Sultan

et al. 2024

Palaeontology

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The Cambrian and Ordovician radiations marked the origins of all major echinoderm clades and established their Phanerozoic ecological blueprint. Recent claims of modest innovation of early echinoderms and other animals suggest constraints on novelty during the origins of phyla. Here, we document the life‐habit richness, body size, tiering, habitat usage, mobility, diet and foraging habits of 366 Cambrian–Ordovician echinoderm genera across a time‐scaled phylogeny to identify the timing and impact of novelty. Most early echinoderms were sedentary, filter‐feeding microbivores, and their body sizes, diets and modes of locomotion were largely unchanged through time, despite major volatility in taxonomic composition. Cambrian echinoderms lived close to the seafloor, with stylophorans first evolving semi‐infaunality. Many Ordovician echinoderms lived farther from the seafloor, with more complex filter‐feeding organs and tiering structure, often using other organisms as substrates. Mobile carnivores and mass‐feeders emerge then, too, across diverse asterozoans and echinozoans. Most of these novelties coincide with the origins of individual clades during the early and late Cambrian (Terreneuvian/Series 2 and Furongian), and 10–20 million years pass before most become ecologically important. Life‐habit evolution within most taxa involved new variations in these traits, with crinoids and asterozoans better able to shift strategies. The Ordovician radiation records more new variability in pre‐existing Cambrian life habits rather than radical re‐invention, with important novelties (like mobile carnivory and mass‐feeding, increased height off the seafloor, and biotic substrates) becoming ecologically more impactful. Taxa with these strategies were those best able to capitalize on the newly heterogeneous Ordovician world.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological novelty at the start of the Cambrian and Ordovician radiations of echinoderms

Novack‐Gottshall,

Purcell,

Sultan

et al. 2024

Palaeontology

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“…The Ordovician and Silurian was an exceptionally important interval of time for the evolutionary history of echinoderms (Guensburg and Sprinkle 2000;Sprinkle and Guensburg 2004;Peters and Ausich 2008;Lefebvre et al 2013;Thompson et al 2022). This is in part because of widespread global climatic changes which influenced the evolutionary dynamics of multiple echinoderm groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Silurian echinoids are rare globally and are known only from a handful of localities, most of which are limited to the Northern Hemisphere paleocontinents Baltica, Avalonia, and Laurentia (Table 1). Traditionally, Silurian echinoid faunas have included taxa belonging to three families of stem group echinoids; the Echinocystitidae, Lepidocentridae, and Bothriocidaridae (Order Bothriocidaroida) (Smith 1984;Thompson et al 2022.). Recent phylogenetic analyses, however, have disputed an echinoid affinity for the bothriocidaroids, instead favoring a stem group holothurian affinity for some species (Rahman et al 2019).…”

Section: Diversity and Distribution Of Silurian Echinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The morphologic and paleobiogeographic implications of a new early Silurian echinoid from Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada

2022

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The Ordovician and Silurian are an exceptionally important interval of time for understanding the effects of ancient climate change on the paleobiodiversity of echinoderms. Despite this importance, the fossil record of many echinoderm groups during this interval is sparse. The echinoids, or sea urchins, are no exception; and new fossil finds are necessary to better understand their initial diversification during the lower Paleozoic. We herein report on material from a new genus and species of echinoid, Anticostiechinus petryki gen. et sp. nov., from the Silurian of Anticosti Island, Canada. The morphology of the tubercles and spines of A. petryki are atypical for echinoids, and the surfaces for spine articulation consist of rounded, concave indentations. Additionally, the bases of the spines are subspherical. Furthermore, A. petryki belongs to the family Echinocystitidae, which increases the known diversity and distribution of this family during the Silurian and provides insight into the biogeography of echinocystitids from the Silurian to Devonian.

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“…Echinoids, known as sea urchins, are marine invertebrates originated during the Late Ordovician [1][2][3]. They are traditionally divided into regular and irregular echinoids, based on the morphology of the main skeleton (test) and their lifestyle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Echinoid skeleton: an insight on the species-specific pattern of the Paracentrotus lividus plate and its microstructural variability

Perricone

Cesarano

Mancosu

et al. 2023

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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The skeletal plates of echinoids consist of a peculiar lightweight structure, called stereom, which is organized in a porous three-dimensional lattice-like meshwork. The stereom is characterized by an extremely complex and diverse microarchitecture, largely varying not only from species to species but also among different test plates. It consists of different basic types combined in extremely different ways according to specific functional needs, creating species-specific structural patterns. These patterns can lead to specific mechanical behaviours, which can inspire biomimetic technology and design development. In this framework, the present study aimed to characterize the species-specific pattern of the Paracentrotus lividus interambulacral plate and the main microstructural features regarding its geometrical variability and mechanical responses. The results achieved quantitatively highlighted the differences between the analysed stereom types providing new insights regarding their topological configuration and isotropic and anisotropic behaviour. Interestingly, data also revealed that the galleried stereom present at the tubercle is significantly different from the one located at the suture. These analyses and findings are encouraging and provide a starting point for future research to unravel the wide range of mechanical strategies evolved in the echinoid skeletal structure.

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The Ordovician diversification of sea urchins: systematics of the Bothriocidaroida (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

Cited by 8 publications

References 124 publications

Ecological novelty at the start of the Cambrian and Ordovician radiations of echinoderms

Ecological novelty at the start of the Cambrian and Ordovician radiations of echinoderms

The morphologic and paleobiogeographic implications of a new early Silurian echinoid from Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada

Echinoid skeleton: an insight on the species-specific pattern of the Paracentrotus lividus plate and its microstructural variability

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