The oral mucosa immune environment and oral transmission of <scp>HIV</scp>/<scp>SIV</scp>

Wood, Lianna; Chahroudi, Ann; Chen, Huiling; Jaspan, Heather B.; Sodora, Donald L.

doi:10.1111/imr.12078

Cited by 36 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 284 publications

(419 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…SIVmac was detectable in CD4 + T-cells and macrophages within 4 days post inoculation, with SIV replication being most concentrated in the oral mucosa, esophagus, tonsils and draining LNs. This approximates what was seen in the vaginal transmission studies, with establishment of viral replication at mucosal sites and virus dissemination into the draining lymphatics (Wood et al, 2013). Additionally, a pro-inflammatory response at the mucosa has been reported during oral SIVmac transmission in RMs, which may facilitate target cell recruitment to the site of infection to support early virus replication (Giavedoni et al, 2013).…”

Section: Characteristics Of Horizontal and Vertical Transmission Tsupporting

confidence: 84%

The well-tempered SIV infection: Pathogenesis of SIV infection in natural hosts in the wild, with emphasis on virus transmission and early events post-infection that may contribute to protection from disease progression

Raehtz

Pandrea

Apetrei

2016

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

African NHPs are infected by over 40 different simian immunodeficiency viruses. These viruses have coevolved with their hosts for long periods of time and, unlike HIV in humans, infection does not generally lead to disease progression. Chronic viral replication is maintained for the natural lifespan of the host, without loss of overall immune function. Lack of disease progression is not correlated with transmission, as SIV infection is highly prevalent in many African NHP species in the wild. The exact mechanisms by which these natural hosts of SIV avoid disease progression are still unclear, but a number of factors might play a role, including: (i) avoidance of microbial translocation from the gut lumen by preventing or repairing damage to the gut epithelium; (ii) control of immune activation and apoptosis following infection; (iii) establishment of an anti-inflammatory response that resolves chronic inflammation; (iv) maintenance of homeostasis of various immune cell populations, including NK cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, Tregs, Th17 T-cells, and γδ T-cells; (v) restriction of CCR5 availability at mucosal sites; (vi) preservation of T-cell function associated with down-regulation of CD4 receptor. Some of these mechanisms might also be involved in protection of natural hosts from mother-to-infant SIV transmission during breastfeeding. The difficulty of performing invasive studies in the wild has prohibited investigation of the exact events surrounding transmission in natural hosts. Increased understanding of the mechanisms of SIV transmission in natural hosts, and of the early events post-transmission which may contribute to avoidance of disease progression, along with better comprehension of the factors involved in protection from SIV breastfeeding transmission in the natural hosts, could prove invaluable for the development of new prevention strategies for HIV.

show abstract

Section: Characteristics Of Horizontal and Vertical Transmission Tsupporting

confidence: 84%

The well-tempered SIV infection: Pathogenesis of SIV infection in natural hosts in the wild, with emphasis on virus transmission and early events post-infection that may contribute to protection from disease progression

Raehtz

Pandrea

Apetrei

2016

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The oral transmission of HIV is dependent on the ability of the virus to efficiently cross from one host to the next by traversing mucosal membranes (Wood et al 2013).…”

Section: Cancer and Oral Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The oral cavity microbiota: between health, oral disease, and cancers of the aerodigestive tract

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Many studies show that the human microbiome plays a critical role in the chronic pathologies of obesity, inflammatory bowel diseases, and diabetes. More recently, the interaction between cancer and the microbiome has been highlighted. Most studies have focused on the gut microbiota because it represents the most extensive bacterial community, and the body of evidence correlating it with gut syndromes is increasing. However, in the strict sense, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract begins in the oral cavity, and special attention should be paid to the specific flora of this cavity. This study reviewed the current knowledge about the various microbial ecosystems of the upper part of the GI tract and discussed their potential link to carcinogenesis. The overall composition of the microbial communities, as well as the presence or absence of "key species", in relation to carcinogenesis is addressed. Alterations in the oral microbiota can potentially be used to predict the risk of cancer. Molecular advances and the further monitoring of the microbiota will increase our understanding of the role of the microbiota in carcinogenesis and open new perspectives for future therapeutic and prophylactic modalities.Key words: upper aerodigestive, microbiome, oral cavity, carcinogenesis.Résumé : Plusieurs études montrent que le microbiome humain joue un rôle essentiel dans les pathologies chroniques que sont l'obésité, les maladies inflammatoires de l'intestin et le diabète. Plus récemment, l'interaction entre le cancer et le microbiome a été soulignée. La plupart des études se sont concentrées sur le microbiote intestinal car il représente la communauté bactérienne la plus étendue, et l'ensemble des preuves le corrélant avec les syndromes de l'intestin est en croissance. Cependant, au sens strict, le tractus gastro-intestinal (GI) commence dans la cavité orale et une attention spéciale devrait être portée à la flore spécifique de cette cavité. Cette étude fait la synthèse des connaissances actuelles relatives à divers écosystèmes microbiens de la partie supérieure du tractus GI et discute de leur lien potentiel à la carcinogenèse. La composition globale des communautés microbiennes, de même que la présence ou l'absence « d'espèces clés » relativement à la carcinogenèse sont soulevées. Des modifications du microbiote oral peuvent potentiellement être utilisées pour prédire les risques de cancer. Les percées moléculaires et la surveillance accrue du microbiote accroitront notre compréhension du rôle du microbiote dans la carcinogenèse et ouvriront de nouvelles perspectives en vue de modalités thérapeutiques et prophylactiques futures. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

show abstract

“…However, neither SIV replication nor transcytosis (with rare exceptions) have been convincingly demonstrated in mucosal epithelial cells in vivo. Oral SIV transmission is successful in macaques, especially in neonatal macaques, or when there is oral irritation (reviewed in Wood et al, 2013), but the early target cells and immunologic events involved are less studied in oral, rectal, or penile transmission. Although many questions remain regarding the early events in virus/host interactions in tissues, most of what we know about mucosal SIV transmission comes from vaginally inoculated macaques, which will be discussed first.…”

Section: Siv Transmission In Mucosal Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%