The oral microbiota and cardiometabolic health: A comprehensive review and emerging insights

Abstract

There is mounting evidence demonstrating that oral dysbiosis causes periodontal disease and promotes the development of cardiovascular disease. The advancement of omics techniques has driven the optimization of oral microbiota species analysis and has provided a deeper understanding of oral pathogenic bacteria. A bi-directional relationship exists between the oral microbiota and the host, and oral-gut microbiota transfer is known to alter the composition of the gut microbiota and may cause local metabolic disorders. Furthermore, cardiovascular health can also be highly affected by oral microbiota functions and metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and some lipid metabolites. Studies have found that trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) may have adverse effects on cardiovascular health, whereas SCFAs, NO, and H2S have cardioprotective effects. SCFAs and H2S exert varying oral and cardiovascular effects, however reports on this specific topic remain controversial. Previous evidences are accustomed to summarizing the functions of oral microbiota in the context of periodontitis. The direct relationship between oral microbiota and cardiovascular diseases is insufficient. By systematically summarizing the methods associated with oral microbiota transplantation (OMT), this review facilitates an investigation into the causal links between oral microbiota and cardiovascular disease. The concomitant development of omics, bioinformatics, bacterial culture techniques, and microbiota transplantation techniques is required to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between oral microbiota and cardiovascular disease occurrence.

Antibacterial mouthwash alters gut microbiome, reducing nutrient absorption and fat accumulation in Western diet-fed mice

“…Separately, the oral cavity harbors a diverse microbial community with approximately 700 bacterial species or phylotypes 9 . Microorganisms are divided into oral ecological niches, i.e., saliva, tongue, gingiva, buccal mucosa, palate, and dental subgingival/supragingival sites, with variations in taxonomic profiles and microbiota activity 10 . The oral microbiota has a key role in nitric oxide (NO) biology, through the reduction of salivary nitrate to nitrite in the mouth.…”

Exploring the In Vitro Antibacterial Potential of Specific Probiotic Strains Against Oral Pathogens

“…In the presence of risk factors, such as an unbalanced diet, smoke, improper hygiene practices, or antibiotic use, the microbial community can shift to a dysbiotic state, in which an increase in the number of pathogenic bacteria and the production of virulence factors occurs [5]. The dysbiosis of the microbiota is linked to the onset or progression of many oral diseases, such as dental caries, periodontitis, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, and even tumors, as well as extra-oral pathologies, such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases [3,6,7].…”

Exploring the In Vitro Antibacterial Potential of Specific Probiotic Strains against Oral Pathogens

“…In the presence of risk factors, such as an unbalanced diet, alcohol consumption, smoke, improper hygiene practices, or antibiotic use, the microbial community can shift to a dysbiotic state, in which an increase in the number of pathogenic bacteria and the production of virulence factors occur [ 5 ]. The dysbiosis of the microbiota is linked to the onset or progression of many oral diseases, such as dental caries, periodontitis, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, and even tumors, as well as extra-oral pathologies, such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases [ 3 , 6 , 7 ]. Among the oral bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans can become opportunistic pathogens in dysbiosis-promoting conditions and behave as pathobionts.…”