The Oral Microbiota

Arweiler, Nicole Birgit; Netuschil, L

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31248-4_4

Cited by 217 publications

(193 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…1,31 Prior to all biofilm mapping experiments, S. gordonii and S. mutans were grown for 12 h in BHI and BHI with 30 mM sucrose liquid media, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-Time Metabolic Interactions between Two Bacterial Species Using a Carbon-Based pH Microsensor as a Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Probe

et al. 2017

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We have developed a carbon-based, fast-response potentiometric pH microsensor for use as a scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) chemical probe to quantitatively map the microbial metabolic exchange between two bacterial species, commensal Streptococcus gordonii and pathogenic Streptococcus mutans. The 25-μm diameter H+ ion-selective microelectrode or pH microprobe showed a Nernstian slope of 59 mV/pH and high selectivity against major ions such Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+. In addition, the unique conductive membrane composition aided us in performing an amperometric approach curve to position the probe and obtain a high-resolution pH map of the microenvironment produced by the lactate-producing S. mutans biofilm. The x-directional pH scan over S. mutans also showed the influence of the pH profile on the metabolic activity of another species, H2O2-producing S. gordonii. When these bacterial species were placed in close spatial proximity, we observed an initial increase in the local H2O2 concentration of approximately 12±5 μM above S. gordonii, followed by a gradual decrease in H2O2 concentration (>30 min) to almost zero as lactate was produced, and a subsequent decrease in pH with a more pronounced metabolic output of S. mutans. These results were supported by gene expression and confocal fluorescence microscopic studies. Our findings illustrate that H2O2-producing S. gordonii is dominant while the buffering capacity of saliva is valid (~pH 6.0) but is gradually taken over by S. mutans as the latter species slowly starts decreasing the local pH to 5.0 or less by producing lactic acid. Our observations demonstrate the unique capability of our SECM chemical probes for studying real-time metabolic interactions between two bacterial species, which would not otherwise be achievable in traditional assays.

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“…1,31 Prior to all biofilm mapping experiments, S. gordonii and S. mutans were grown for 12 h in BHI and BHI with 30 mM sucrose liquid media, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-Time Metabolic Interactions between Two Bacterial Species Using a Carbon-Based pH Microsensor as a Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Probe

et al. 2017

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“…tribute to the development of various oral diseases such as dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis [Rosier et al, 2014;Belibasakis et al, 2015;Arweiler and Netuschil, 2016]. Prevention of these diseases is therefore aimed at the efficient removal and subsequent reduction of dental plaque, in order to maintain oral health.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytosphingosine Prevents the Formation of Young Salivary Biofilms in vitro

Bikker¹,

Hoogenkamp

Malhaoui³

et al. 2017

Caries Res

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Dental biofilms are formed in a multistep process that is initiated by the adhesion of oral bacteria to the dental hard surface. As dental biofilms are associated with oral diseases their control is necessary in order to maintain oral health. Recently, it was revealed that phytosphingosine (PHS)-treated hydroxyapatite discs showed anti-adhesive activity in a static in vitro biofilm model against Streptococcus mutans. The goal of the present study was to further unravel the anti-adhesive and anti-biofilm properties of PHS in both static and dynamic in vitro biofilm models against a full salivary inoculum. After 3 h under static conditions, bacterial adherence on PHS-treated cover glass slides was reduced by 60% compared to the untreated surface. After 6 and 24 h under static conditions, no significant differences in bacterial adherence were observed between PHS-treated and untreated cover glass slides. However, under dynamic conditions, i.e., the presence of shear forces, virtually no bacterial adherence was observed for up to 16 h on PHS-coated surfaces. Besides, PHS showed a strong bactericidal activity on salivary biofilms. Treatment of a 3- and 6-h statically grown biofilm resulted in a 99 and 94% reduction of viable cells, respectively, which was effectuated within minutes. In principle, these anti-adherence and anti-biofilm properties make PHS a promising candidate ingredient for use in oral care products aimed at oral microbial control.

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“…Natural microbial communities of the oral cavity represent complex biofilms with significant microbial diversity (Arweiler & Netuschil, ; Borgnakke, ; Zarco, Vess, & Ginsburg, ). Oral biofilms are readily recovered from distinct regions of the mouth such as the dental plaque and soft tissues and considerable diversity in microbial composition is reported (Arweiler & Netuschil, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%