The oral cavity as a reservoir of bacterial pathogens for focal infections

Gendron, Renée; Grenier, Daniel; Maheu-Robert, Léo-François

doi:10.1016/s1286-4579(00)00391-9

Cited by 198 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…This scenario presupposes that caries was an agent of natural selection before the development of modern dentistry (8,45). We think that this is not unlikely, given the known acute consequences of caries, such as the increased risk of abscess (46) and chronic consequences increase in difficulty eating, particularly in children, and reduced weight/height gain (47,48). Nevertheless, hypotheses about the agents of evolutionary change in humans are very difficult to prove, and we note that, given DMBT1 SAG protein is expressed on other mucosal epithelia and interacts with other microbes, other evolutionary scenarios are possible, such as adaptation to an altered microbiome of the gut.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of the rapidly mutating human salivary agglutinin gene ( DMBT1 ) and population subsistence strategy

Polley

Louzada

Forni

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The dietary change resulting from the domestication of plant and animal species and development of agriculture at different locations across the world was one of the most significant changes in human evolution. An increase in dietary carbohydrates caused an increase in dental caries following the development of agriculture, mediated by the cariogenic oral bacterium Streptococcus mutans. Salivary agglutinin [SAG, encoded by the deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 (DMBT1) gene] is an innate immune receptor glycoprotein that binds a variety of bacteria and viruses, and mediates attachment of S. mutans to hydroxyapatite on the surface of the tooth. In this study we show that multiallelic copy number variation (CNV) within DMBT1 is extensive across all populations and is predicted to result in between 7-20 scavenger-receptor cysteinerich (SRCR) domains within each SAG molecule. Direct observation of de novo mutation in multigeneration families suggests these CNVs have a very high mutation rate for a protein-coding locus, with a mutation rate of up to 5% per gamete. Given that the SRCR domains bind S. mutans and hydroxyapatite in the tooth, we investigated the association of sequence diversity at the SAG-binding gene of S. mutans, and DMBT1 CNV. Furthermore, we show that DMBT1 CNV is also associated with a history of agriculture across global populations, suggesting that dietary change as a result of agriculture has shaped the pattern of CNV at DMBT1, and that the DMBT1-S. mutans interaction is a promising model of host-pathogenculture coevolution in humans.copy number variation | agriculture | DMBT1 | mutation | structural variation

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of the rapidly mutating human salivary agglutinin gene ( DMBT1 ) and population subsistence strategy

Polley

Louzada

Forni

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…These bacteria have coevolved with their host to establish a highly sophisticated relationship in which both pathogenic and mutualistic bacteria coexist in homeostasis. The fact that human oral bacteria are not found outside the mouth except as pathogens elsewhere in the body (51) points to the importance of this relationship. Communication among microorganisms is essential for initial colonization and subsequent biofilm formation on the enamel surfaces of teeth and requires physical contact between colonizing bacteria and between the bacteria and their host.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Communication among Oral Bacteria

Kolenbrander

Andersen

Blehert

et al. 2002

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

832

733

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Human oral bacteria interact with their environment by attaching to surfaces and establishing mixed-species communities. As each bacterial cell attaches, it forms a new surface to which other cells can adhere. Adherence and community development are spatiotemporal; such order requires communication. The discovery of soluble signals, such as autoinducer-2, that may be exchanged within multispecies communities to convey information between organisms has emerged as a new research direction. Direct-contact signals, such as adhesins and receptors, that elicit changes in gene expression after cell-cell contact and biofilm growth are also an active research area. Considering that the majority of oral bacteria are organized in dense three-dimensional biofilms on teeth, confocal microscopy and fluorescently labeled probes provide valuable approaches for investigating the architecture of these organized communities in situ. Oral biofilms are readily accessible to microbiologists and are excellent model systems for studies of microbial communication. One attractive model system is a saliva-coated flowcell with oral bacterial biofilms growing on saliva as the sole nutrient source; an intergeneric mutualism is discussed. Several oral bacterial species are amenable to genetic manipulation for molecular characterization of communication both among bacteria and between bacteria and the host. A successful search for genes critical for mixed-species community organization will be accomplished only when it is conducted with mixed-species communities

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“…When anaerobic bacteria gain access to sterile body sites, they can become opportunistic pathogens and cause serious, sometimes fatal infection. 1) The reason for incomplete eradication of these anaerobic infections in most cases may be due to the short residence time of antibacterial agents in the vaginal cavity. The other reason may be degradation of antibacterial agents in vaginal ‰uid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation and <i>In Vitro</i> Evaluation of <i>In Situ</i> Gels Containing Secnidazole for Vaginitis

Narayana¹,

Harish²,

A³

et al. 2009

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI

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Gel dosage forms are successfully used as drug delivery systems considering their ability to prolong the drug release. The main objective is to formulate and evaluate in situ vaginal gels of secnidazole, based on ion activated systems. The system utilizes polymers that exhibit sol-to-gel phase transition due to change in speciˆc physico chemical parameters. Ion triggered system using gellan gum (0.1 0.75％ w/v) along with sodium carboxymethylcelluose was used to prolong the release of secnidazole (1％ w/v). Formulations were evaluated for gelling capacity, viscosity, gel strength, mucoadhesive force, spreadability, microbiological studies and in vitro release studies. The transformation of sols occur in the presence of monovalent/divalent cations in the dissolution medium. EŠect of calcium carbonate and other process parameters were optimized and found that increase in calcium ions produce stronger gels. The drug content, clarity, and pH of formulation were found to be satisfactory. The viscosity was found to be in the range of 0.005 to 0.085 for sols, whereas for the gels 16 Pa･s. Formulation showed pseudoplastic ‰ow with thixotrophy. The gel strength (using texture analyzer) and mucoadhesion was found to be up to 6.5 g and 4 g respectively. The optimized formulations were able to release the drug for 360 min. The gels are expected to improve the administration at the site of infection and decrease frequency.

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The oral cavity as a reservoir of bacterial pathogens for focal infections

Cited by 198 publications

References 93 publications

Evolution of the rapidly mutating human salivary agglutinin gene ( DMBT1 ) and population subsistence strategy

Evolution of the rapidly mutating human salivary agglutinin gene ( DMBT1 ) and population subsistence strategy

Communication among Oral Bacteria

Formulation and <i>In Vitro</i> Evaluation of <i>In Situ</i> Gels Containing Secnidazole for Vaginitis

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