The optimal formulation of recycled polypropylene/rubberwood flour composites from experiments with mixture design

Abstract

a b s t r a c tA mixture design was used in experiments, to determine the optimal mixture for composites of rubberwood flour (RWF) and reinforced recycled polypropylene (rPP). The mixed materials were extruded into panels. Effects were determined of the mixture components rPP, RWF, maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP), and ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer, on the mechanical properties. The overall composition significantly affected flexural, compressive, and tensile properties. The fractions of recycled polypropylene and rubberwood flour increased all the mechanical material properties; however, increasing one fraction must be balanced by decreasing the other, and the rubberwood flour fraction had a higher effect size. The fraction of MAPP was best kept in mid-range of the fractions tested, while the UV stabilizer fraction overall degraded the mechanical properties. Our results suggest that the fraction of UV stabilizer should be as small as possible to minimize its negative influences. The models fitted were used for optimization of a desirability score, substituting for the multiple objectives modeled. The optimal formulation found was 50.3 wt% rPP, 44.5 wt% RWF, 3.9 wt% MAPP, 0.2 wt% UV stabilizer, and 1.0 wt% lubricant; the composite made with this formulation had good mechanical properties that closely matched the model predictions.

A new bread formulation based on a partial substitution of soursop residues flour through Mixolab and a process mixture design

“…However, mixture designs are widely used in the food industry for obtaining desirable product properties by mixing different ingredients (Cornell, 2002) and for the study of the composition of the components and the effect in the response variable. A mixture experimental design is a special type of statistical approach to determine the individual effects and interaction of components in a mixture (Homkhiew et al, 2014). In addition to the mixture components in the experiment, process factors can be included which are known as process mixture design.…”

Small-size jatropha seed biochar extracted from microwave pyrolysis: Optimization of its biocomposites mechanical properties by mixture design

“…Similar studies utilizing D-optimal (custom) mixture design describe that the contribution of significant and not significant indications by the ANOVA influenced the model usability and reliability (Homkhiew et al 2014;Radfar et al 2020). Noise percentages generated by the mixture design were regarding the ANOVA values, because the least amount of noise percentage was desirable for the model.…”

“…Noise percentages generated by the mixture design were regarding the ANOVA values, because the least amount of noise percentage was desirable for the model. Similarly, the Lack of Fit of the model was desired to not be significant, as a fitting model with the least amount of noise was better at predicting the response, as well as minimising residuals between the predicted and response values (Homkhiew et al 2014;Radfar et al 2020).…”

Effect of Temperature and Strain Rate on the Flexural Behavior of Wood-Polypropylene Composites

“…Wood-plastic composites have attracted great consideration in the fields of automobiles, architecture, furniture and household articles [9]. In the academic field, the research of wood-plastic materials is mainly focused on the production formula and production process [12,13,14,15], as well as the mechanical properties [16,17,18]. The common methods of the preparation of wood-plastic composites include extrusion, hot press molding, injection molding and so forth.…”