The optimal allocation of time over the dive cycle: an approach based on aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Carbone, C; Houston, Alasdair I.

doi:10.1006/anbe.1996.0129

Cited by 95 publications

(64 citation statements)

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“…At the dive scale, the number of PCAs increased when seals increased their bottom time, which is in accordance with the Optimal Diving Theory (Gentry & Kooyman 1986, Houston & Carbone 1992, Thompson et al 1993, Carbone & Houston 1996 and consistent with the fact that diving predators mainly forage during the bottom phase of a dive (Wilson et al 2002, Fossette et al 2008. The number of PCAs also increased when seals increased their bottom vertical sinuosity.…”

Section: Relationship Between Pcas and Other Foraging Metrics (Explansupporting

confidence: 74%

Predicting prey capture rates of southern elephant seals from track and dive parameters

Vacquié‐Garcia¹,

Guinet²,

Dragon³

et al. 2015

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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In the marine environment, track and dive parameter data (obtained using Argos or GPS tags and time-depth recorders) are commonly used to provide proxies for foraging behaviour of marine predators. However, their accuracy is rarely assessed. Recently, the addition of headmounted accelerometers has allowed for detection of prey capture attempts (PCAs) at sea, allowing for more accurate estimations of foraging behaviour. Despite increased numbers of such devices being deployed, their use is still marginal compared with other tools which measure track and dive parameters. The objectives of our study were (1) to identify the most relevant combination of tracking and diving metrics in predicting the frequency of PCAs in female southern elephant seals Mirounga leonina from the Kerguelen Islands, and (2) to apply it to a broader range of individuals for which only tracking and diving data were available. The results of our models were consistent with the optimal foraging theory as well as the optimal diving theory. The model with the best predictive performance was the one that combined both tracking and diving information. However, most of the variability in the number of PCAs could be solely explained by changes in the diving behaviour of seals. Finally, we used the best predictive model on 20 individuals, which had not been fitted with accelerometers, to determine their main foraging zones. The behavioural indicators established in this study constitute a useful ecological tool for population monitoring and conservation purposes.

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Section: Relationship Between Pcas and Other Foraging Metrics (Explansupporting

confidence: 74%

Predicting prey capture rates of southern elephant seals from track and dive parameters

Vacquié‐Garcia¹,

Guinet²,

Dragon³

et al. 2015

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…Calculating the IPQ for long dives would require an alternate dive timesurface time function. Unfortunately, incorporating anaerobic metabolisms into theoretical models for a dive cycle is difficult and imprecise (Carbone & Houston 1996, Mori 1998, 1999. The functions used in our models were relatively simple.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of prey richness estimates for Weddell seals using diving profiles and image data

Mori¹,

Watanabe²,

Mitani³

et al. 2005

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Diving animals such as seabirds and marine mammals are top predators foraging under water, and play an important role in the marine ecosystems through foraging behavior. Recently developed animal-borne digital video or still cameras have made it possible to directly observe and estimate the prey richness of a foraging patch with simultaneously recorded diving profiles. Optimal foraging theory suggests that patch residence time should be affected both by the time it takes to travel to a prey patch and the richness of the patch. Therefore, diving profiles obtained by animalborne depth and time instruments may be used to calculate a relative index of the richness of a prey patch used by diving animals in the water column. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the indices of prey richness estimated from both dive profiles and image data using adult female Weddell seals Leptonychotes weddellii at breeding colonies in Antarctica. There was a positive correlation between these 2 values, indicating that dive profiles can be used effectively to calculate a relative index of prey richness at a prey patch used by diving animals.

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“…In order to maximize foraging time in a deep prey patch, breath-hold divers should minimise the time spent travelling to the surface, breathing, and returning from the surface (Carbone and Houston, 1996;Houston and Carbone, 1992). Increased body size improves the potential for breath-holding since larger animals can store more oxygen, and have lower mass-specific diving metabolic rates (Castellini et al, 1992;Kooyman et al, 1983;Schreer and Kovacs, 1997).…”

Section: Diving Behaviour and The Aerobic Dive Limitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extreme diving of beaked whales

Tyack

Johnson

Soto

et al. 2006

Journal of Experimental Biology

398

489

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Sound-and-orientation recording tags (DTAGs) were used to study 10 beaked whales of two poorly known species, Ziphius cavirostris (Zc) and Mesoplodon densirostris (Md). Acoustic behaviour in the deep foraging dives performed by both species (Zc: 28 dives by seven individuals; Md: 16 dives by three individuals) shows that they hunt by echolocation in deep water between 222 and 1885·m, attempting to capture about 30 prey/dive. This food source is so deep that the average foraging dives were deeper (Zc: 1070·m; Md: 835·m) and longer (Zc: 58·min; Md: 47·min) than reported for any other air-breathing species. A series of shallower dives, containing no indications of foraging, followed most deep foraging dives. The average interval between deep foraging dives was 63·min for Zc and 92·min for Md. This long an interval may be required for beaked whales to recover from an oxygen debt accrued in the deep foraging dives, which last about twice the estimated aerobic dive limit. Recent reports of gas emboli in beaked whales stranded during naval sonar exercises have led to the hypothesis that their deep-diving may make them especially vulnerable to decompression. Using current models of breath-hold diving, we infer that their natural diving behaviour is inconsistent with known problems of acute nitrogen supersaturation and embolism. If the assumptions of these models are correct for beaked whales, then possible decompression problems are more likely to result from an abnormal behavioural response to sonar.

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The optimal allocation of time over the dive cycle: an approach based on aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Cited by 95 publications

References 0 publications

Predicting prey capture rates of southern elephant seals from track and dive parameters

Predicting prey capture rates of southern elephant seals from track and dive parameters

A comparison of prey richness estimates for Weddell seals using diving profiles and image data

Extreme diving of beaked whales

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