The opponent-process theory of acquired motivation: The costs of pleasure and the benefits of pain.

Solomon, Richard L.

doi:10.1037/0003-066x.35.8.691

Cited by 927 publications

(545 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…We then used a long-access procedure to induce an addiction-like state, and we show that demand increased with this state and predicted increased compulsive (punished) drug taking. Our results support the view that excessive motivation plays an important role in addiction (18)(19)(20) and our results also provide a structured, graded continuum within which a shift from recreational to compulsive drug use (21,22) can be quantified. Finally, we found that economic demand for cocaine predicted the ability of oxytocin, a promising new addiction pharmacotherapy, to attenuate cocaineseeking behaviors across individuals.…”

supporting

confidence: 75%

Economic demand predicts addiction-like behavior and therapeutic efficacy of oxytocin in the rat

Bentzley

Jhou

Aston‐Jones

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

143

208

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Development of new treatments for drug addiction will depend on high-throughput screening in animal models. However, an addiction biomarker fit for rapid testing, and useful in both humans and animals, is not currently available. Economic models are promising candidates. They offer a structured quantitative approach to modeling behavior that is mathematically identical across species, and accruing evidence indicates economic-based descriptors of human behavior may be particularly useful biomarkers of addiction severity. However, economic demand has not yet been established as a biomarker of addiction-like behavior in animals, an essential final step in linking animal and human studies of addiction through economic models. We recently developed a mathematical approach for rapidly modeling economic demand in rats trained to self-administer cocaine. We show here that economic demand, as both a spontaneous trait and induced state, predicts addiction-like behavior, including relapse propensity, drug seeking in abstinence, and compulsive (punished) drug taking. These findings confirm economic demand as a biomarker of addiction-like behavior in rats. They also support the view that excessive motivation plays an important role in addiction while extending the idea that drug dependence represents a shift from initially recreational to compulsive drug use. Finally, we found that economic demand for cocaine predicted the efficacy of a promising pharmacotherapy (oxytocin) in attenuating cocaineseeking behaviors across individuals, demonstrating that economic measures may be used to rapidly identify the clinical utility of prospective addiction treatments.behavioral economics | reinstatement | extinction | long access | punished responding T here are currently no approved pharmacotherapies for the treatment of cocaine addiction, and timely development of future treatments will depend on animal models that predict the efficacy of treatment in human addicts. This requires a biomarker of addiction suitable for rapid testing in animals, and applicable in humans. However, animal models of neuropsychiatric diseases generally lack predictive validity (1, 2), and prevalent approaches that use drug self-administration in animals have not yet led to a successful clinical treatment for psychostimulant dependence (3, 4).Economic models provide more promising approaches for this needed cross-species addiction biomarker (5, 6). They offer a structured quantitative method to model behavior that is mathematically identical across species (7-9), and accruing evidence indicates economic-based descriptors of human behavior may be particularly useful biomarkers of addiction severity (10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Notably, economic demand has been shown to correlate with lifetime years of cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and benzodiazepine use (15); severity of alcohol dependence (10,11,14) and craving (16); as well as severity of nicotine dependence (12, 13) and craving (17). However, economic demand has not yet been established as a biomarker of addictionli...

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supporting

confidence: 75%

Economic demand predicts addiction-like behavior and therapeutic efficacy of oxytocin in the rat

Bentzley

Jhou

Aston‐Jones

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

143

208

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“…It suggests that over time frequency of exposure does reduce negative affect. But, most important, it also makes the aftermath even more pleasant and more long lasting (see also Solomon 1980). As indicated earlier, this assumption underscores our empirical test of the proposition that, if relief (and consequent positive affect) are the goal, then those who repeatedly seek (rather than avoid) the experience should be those who find the aftermath most pleasant and thereby obtain the greatest reward from it.…”

Section: Aftermath-based Modelsmentioning

confidence: 53%

On the Consumption of Negative Feelings

Andrade¹,

Cohen²

2007

J Consum Res

245

212

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How can the hedonistic assumption (i.e., people's willingness to pursue pleasure and avoid pain) be reconciled with people choosing to expose themselves to experiences known to elicit negative feelings? We assess how (1) the intensity of the negative feelings, (2) positive feelings in the aftermath, and (3) the coactivation of positive and negative feelings contribute to our understanding of such behavior. In a series of four studies, consumers with either approach or avoidance tendencies (toward horror movies) were asked to report their positive and/or negative feelings either after (experiment 1) or while (experiments 2, 3A, and 3B) they were exposed to a horror movie. We demonstrate how a model incorporating coactivation principles and enriched with a protective frame moderator (via detachment) can provide a more parsimonious and viable description of the affective reactions that result from counterhedonic behavior.R eaders who are unfamiliar with the vastly popular (in some circles!) horror movie genre might have missed the following scene. Two men wake up in a filthy bathroom chained to massive steel pipes at opposite ends of the room. The blood between them is from a man's corpse still holding the gun he used to kill himself. The two men discover two hacksaws. The tools are too dull to cut the massive chains that keep the men imprisoned but seem sharp enough to hack off their limbs and set them free. Jigsaw, the wildly popular killer, graphically tantalizes his prey. One victim must crawl through razor wire to escape. Another must find a key to overturn a bear trap attached to his mouth. Suggestively titled Saw, the movie generated $18 million in box office receipts in its opening weekend in October 2004, hitting third place in U.S. box office ratings (behind only Ray and The Grudge, another horror movie). Saw II was released 1 year later. Gainesville, FL, 32611-7155 (joel.cohen@cba.ufl.edu). Address correspondence to Eduardo B. Andrade. This project was sponsored by the Junior Faculty Research Grant and the Experimental Social Science Laboratory (Xlab) at the University of California, Berkeley. The article benefited from helpful comments and insights from the editor, the associate editor, and three reviewers, and also from participants in seminars at Stanford University, New York University, Columbia University, the University of Chicago, and the Emotion and Decision Making Reunion at the University of California, Berkeley. The authors thank James Chong, Cindy Wang, Simon Mak, Lawrence Sweet, Debbie Atlas, and Brenda Naputi for their assistance with data collection. John Deighton served as editor and Baba Shiv served as associate editor for this article.Electronically published June 26, 2007 These and a number of other box office hits attract audiences by immersing them in nearly 2 hours of fear, disgust, terror, and depravity. For that reason, horror movies provide an excellent window into counterintuitive consumer preferences for emotional experiences that produce negative emotional responses. Theor...

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“…This pattern of change (i.e. baseline -unpleasant phasepleasant phase -baseline) has the characteristics of what Solomon (1980Solomon ( , 1991 described as the ''affective contrast'' phenomenon. According to Solomon, this phenomenon is the manifestation of an innate and automatic affective opponent-process mechanism, which is ''brought into play whenever significant departures from affective equilibrium occur'' and whose function is to ''suppress or reduce all excursions from hedonic neutrality'' (Solomon & Corbit, 1974, p. 143).…”

Section: Immediate Post-activity Phasementioning

confidence: 98%

Variation and homogeneity in affective responses to physical activity of varying intensities: An alternative perspective on dose – response based on evolutionary considerations

Ekkekakis

Hall

Petruzzello

2005

Journal of Sports Sciences

296

325

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A model for systematic changes in patterns of inter-individual variation in affective responses to physical activity of varying intensities is presented, as a conceptual alternative to the search for a global dose -response curve. It is theorized that trends towards universality will emerge in response to activities that are either generally adaptive, such as moderate walking, or generally maladaptive, such as strenuous running that requires anaerobic metabolism and precludes the maintenance of a physiological steady state. At the former intensity the dominant response will be pleasure, whereas at the latter intensity the dominant response will be displeasure. In contrast, affective responses will be highly variable, involving pleasure or displeasure, when the intensity of physical activity approximates the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, since activity performed at this intensity entails a trade-off between benefits and risks. Preliminary evidence in support of this model is presented, based on a reanalysis of data from a series of studies.

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The opponent-process theory of acquired motivation: The costs of pleasure and the benefits of pain.

Cited by 927 publications

References 31 publications

Economic demand predicts addiction-like behavior and therapeutic efficacy of oxytocin in the rat

Economic demand predicts addiction-like behavior and therapeutic efficacy of oxytocin in the rat

On the Consumption of Negative Feelings

Variation and homogeneity in affective responses to physical activity of varying intensities: An alternative perspective on dose – response based on evolutionary considerations

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