The Opioid Epidemic in America: Pandemic Impacts

Slater, Robert R.; Beverley, Laurel

doi:10.5435/jaaos-d-21-01158

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The increase in opioid and narcotic deaths [ 7 ] despite the reduction in prescriptions [ 6 ], and the fact that pain is associated with suicide [ 77 ] indicates urgency is needed to accelerate the development of alternative therapies that can alleviate pain. Pain is often associated with inflammation and inflammatory disease, where current treatments do not guarantee effective pain relief.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current non-opiate medications, such as acetaminophen or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are inadequate for pain management, while opiates have specific drawbacks including, lack of efficacy, toxic side effects with long-term use, tolerance, and addiction [ 1 – 5 ]. Narcotic-related deaths still occur at high rates, despite the reduction of prescriptions written [ 6 ]. Narcotic-related overdoses and deaths continue to worsen in the U.S. [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phenylpropanoid-enriched broccoli seedling extract can reduce inflammatory markers and pain behavior

Gurgul,

Najjar,

Chee

et al. 2023

J Transl Med

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Background Pain is a worldwide problem requiring an effective, affordable, non-addictive therapy. Using the edible plant broccoli, a growth protocol was developed to induce a concentrated combinatorial of potential anti-inflammatories in seedlings. Methods A growth method was utilized to produce a phenylpropanoid-rich broccoli sprout extract, referred to as Original Extract (OE). OE was concentrated and then resuspended for study of the effects on inflammation events. A rabbit disc model of inflammation and degeneration, and, a mouse model of pain behavior were used for in vivo and in vitro tests. To address aspects of mammalian metabolic processing, the OE was treated with the S9 liver microsome fraction derived from mouse, for use in a mouse in vivo study. Analytical chemistry was performed to identify major chemical species. Continuous variables were analyzed with a number of methods including ANOVA, and two-tailed t tests, as appropriate. Results In a rabbit spine (disc) injury model, inflammatory markers were reduced, and levels of regenerative markers were increased as a result of OE treatment, both in vivo and in vitro. In a mouse pain behavioral model, after treatment with S9 liver microsome fraction, the resultant extract significantly reduced early and late pain behavior in response to a pain stimulus. The OE itself reduced pain behavior in the mouse pain model, but did not achieve the level of significance observed for S9-treated extract. Analytical chemistry undertaken on the extract constituents revealed identities of the chemical species in OE, and how S9 liver microsome fraction treatment altered species identities and proportions. Conclusions In vitro and in vivo results indicate that the OE, and S9-treated OE broccoli extracts are worthwhile materials to develop a non-opiate inflammation and pain-reducing treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenylpropanoid-enriched broccoli seedling extract can reduce inflammatory markers and pain behavior

Gurgul,

Najjar,

Chee

et al. 2023

J Transl Med

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“…Clinicians should offer or arrange evidence-based treatment (usually medication-assisted treatment with buprenorphine or methadone in combination with behavioral therapies) for patients with opioid use disorder. In 2017, the U.S. Attorney General mandated that every state designate an "opioid coordinator" with the responsibilities of gathering task forces of federal, state, and local law enforcement agents to identify opioid cases for prosecution, providing legal advice and training to prosecute opioid offenses, maintaining statistics on opioid prosecutions in each district, and providing a constant evaluation of the efficacy of those strategies [2]. The results of these differences in state policies can be detected in regional differences in prescription trends in the United States.…”

Section: Opioid Abuse Prevention and Prescribing Strategies In The Fa...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Declared a national public emergency in 2017, the opioid epidemic has surpassed 100,000 annual deaths and has exhibited a 600% increase since 1999 [1][2][3]. The rise in opioid prescriptions in the 1990s has resulted in the misuse of prescription pain relievers and many of these reported deaths [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Federal and Statewide Guidelines and Their Effects on Orthopedics

Braithwaite,

Tarazi,

Gruber

et al. 2023

Cureus

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In the past three decades, the use of opioids has risen tremendously. Pain was named the "fifth patient vital sign" in the 1990s, and from that point, opioid usage has continued to grow throughout the 2010s leading to its recognition as a crisis. The United States is responsible for 80% of the global opioid usage while only accounting for less than 5% of the global population. Previously opioids were mostly used to treat acute pain, however, opioids have been most recently used to manage chronic pain as well. The opioid crisis has presented new challenges in treating pain while preventing the abuse of these medications in a system that lacks standardization of treatment guidelines across the United States. Therefore, the authors of this review examine the current national recommendations to help manage the ongoing opioid crisis and explore how they may impact orthopedic patient care.

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“…The opioid epidemic continues to challenge United States healthcare systems and public health divisions. The current crisis is a multi-faceted, complex phenomenon which will require diagnostic, intervention, and prevention development across disciplines [1]. While opioid prescriptions are necessary in some cases, each prescription generates a risk of misuse [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MedSMA℞T Adventures in PharmaCity Game: Youth Experiences and Recommendation for Use in Opioid Safety Education

Abraham,

Koeberl,

McCarthy

2023

Pharmacy

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Adolescents are often excluded from the creation of opioid safety interventions; therefore, it is crucial to design evidence-based interventions tailored for and with youth. Video games are ubiquitous and approachable to adolescents making them an accessible educational modality. MedSMA℞T: Adventures in PharmaCity is a serious game that educates adolescents and their families on the safe, appropriate, and responsible use of opioid prescriptions. The first objective of the study was to elucidate adolescents’ experiences and perceptions of the game. The second objective was to elicit their recommendations for use and suggestions for improvement. Adolescents were recruited through Qualtrics research panels, social media, listservs, and snowball sampling. Recruitment occurred between April 2021 and October 2021. Eligible adolescents played the game and completed a follow-up virtual semi-structured interview with a study team member. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and uploaded to NVivo for data analysis. A thematic content analysis was performed. A total of seventy-two adolescents participated. Analysis yielded four themes: prior gaming experience, educational salience, game design impressions, and recommendations for improvement. Most adolescents approached MedSMA℞T with prior gaming experience. The youth correctly identified the game’s intended objective: the promotion of opioid medication safety. Adolescents had overarchingly positive impressions of the game’s levels, characters, and graphics. Study participants suggested expanded game levels, improved controls, and more instructions for gameplay. In summary, adolescents had favorable experiences using the MedSMA℞T game which allude to the wide-spread acceptability of this intervention among young people.

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The Opioid Epidemic in America: Pandemic Impacts

Cited by 4 publications

References 28 publications

Phenylpropanoid-enriched broccoli seedling extract can reduce inflammatory markers and pain behavior

Phenylpropanoid-enriched broccoli seedling extract can reduce inflammatory markers and pain behavior

A Review of Federal and Statewide Guidelines and Their Effects on Orthopedics

MedSMA℞T Adventures in PharmaCity Game: Youth Experiences and Recommendation for Use in Opioid Safety Education

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