The Ophthalmic Examination as It Pertains to General Ocular Toxicology: Basic and Advanced Techniques and Species-Associated Findings

Wilkie, David A.

doi:10.1007/7653_2013_7

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…A scoring system used previously (conjunctival score, CS) was adapted for conjunctival evaluation 17 . Four criteria were evaluated: hyperaemia, epiphora, oedema and pruritus.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16 A scoring system used previously (conjunctival score, CS) was adapted for conjunctival evaluation. 17 Four criteria were evaluated: hyperaemia, epiphora, oedema and pruritus. Ocular pruritus assessment was averaged between owner evaluation and clinician evaluation; the latter was based on periocular lesions of erythema, alopecia, excoriation and lichenification.…”

Section: Clinical Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survey of cytokines on ocular surfaces of atopic dogs by multiplex analysis using two sampling methods – a pilot study

Pressanti

Ravailhe

Castellote-Brun

et al. 2021

Veterinary Dermatology

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Background -Conjunctivitis in atopic dogs has already been described yet is rarely observed, and likely underdiagnosed in practice.Objectives -To assay various cytokines in tears and conjunctivae from atopic and normal dogs, and to compare canine atopic dermatitis-associated conjunctivitis with controls.Animals -Ten atopic and ten normal client-owned dogs.Methods and materials -Ocular surfaces were sampled bilaterally in a prospective study, using two different methods. Tear samples were obtained with a sterile swab previously moistened with saline solution (method A). Conjunctival impressions were obtained with a conjunctival impression device (method B). For each sample, the concentrations of a panel of 13 cytokines were measured by multiplex analyses. CADESI-4, pruritus (PS) and conjunctival (CS) scores were determined.Results -Among the measured cytokines, only granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC)-like and interleukin (IL)-8 were above the limit of quantification in most samples. Absolute amounts of each cytokine were always higher in samples obtained with method A than with method B. GM-CSF amounts were lower in atopic dogs (method A, P=0.02; method B, P=0.0005). KC levels were higher in atopic dogs, yet the differences were not significant. IL-8 amounts were higher in atopic dogs (method A, P=0.0003; method B, P=0.006).Conclusions and clinical relevance -Regardless of the method, these preliminary results suggest an overexpression of IL-8 in conjunctivae and tears of atopic dogs despite subtle conjunctival symptoms. As IL-8 is commonly found in many inflammatory conditions, further studies are needed to determine its specificity in atopic conjunctivitis.

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“…A scoring system used previously (conjunctival score, CS) was adapted for conjunctival evaluation 17 . Four criteria were evaluated: hyperaemia, epiphora, oedema and pruritus.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey of cytokines on ocular surfaces of atopic dogs by multiplex analysis using two sampling methods – a pilot study

Pressanti

Ravailhe

Castellote-Brun

et al. 2021

Veterinary Dermatology

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“…Characterization of standard or specialized ocular examination techniques used for in-life evaluation in ocular tolerability/dose range and pivotal ocular toxicity studies including basic principles, performance parameters, and use in ocular and other toxicity studies have been reviewed in greater detail elsewhere, 4,10,[56][57][58][59][60] and only a few practical points or recent developments will be covered in this article. Recent reviews of species anatomical differences in anterior segment that affect anterior chamber scoring systems, [61][62][63] which is a revision to the ocular scoring systems of McDonald-Shadduck and Hackett-McDonald, have greatly contributed to our understanding and standardization of ocular evaluation by ophthalmologists in ocular toxicity studies.…”

Section: Ocular In-life Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…71,72 Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy is useful for an en face fundus reflectance image of the outer retina and retinal pigment epithelium and has shown utility in nonrodents. 73,74 Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy combined with OCT (cSLO-OCT) has been shown to improve toxicity readouts and facilitate longitudinal examination of single animals at multiple time points in rats 59,75 ; therefore, combined cSLO-OCT to enable location of retinal changes and then structural lesion evaluation in cross sections has promise in ocular toxicity studies in nonrodents as well. The cSLO-guided OCT also has the potential to assist navigation to area of interest in tissue blocks prepared for histology, and facilitation of longitudinal examination of single animals at multiple time points can lead to a marked reduction of animals in ocular toxicity studies according to the 3R principles.…”

Section: Ocular In-life Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selected Aspects of Ocular Toxicity Studies With a Focus on High-Quality Pathology Reports: A Pathology/Toxicology Consultant’s Perspective

Short¹

2020

Toxicol Pathol

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Ocular toxicity studies are the bedrock of nonclinical ocular drug and drug–device development, and there has been an evolution in experience, technologies, and challenges to address that ensures safe clinical trials and marketing authorization. The expectations of a well-designed ocular toxicity study and the generation of a coherent, integrative ocular toxicology report and subreports are high, and this article provides a pathology/toxicology consultant’s perspective on achieving that goal. The first objective is to cover selected aspects of study designs for ocular toxicity studies including considerations for contract research organization selection, minipig species selection, unilateral versus bilateral dosing, and in-life parameters based on fit-for-purpose study objectives. The main objective is a focus on a high-quality ocular pathology report that includes ocular histology procedures to meet regulatory expectations and a report narrative and tables that correlate microscopic findings with key ophthalmic findings and presents a clear interpretation of test article-, vehicle-, and procedure-related ocular and extraocular findings with identification of adversity and a pathology peer review. The last objective covers considerations for a high-quality ophthalmology report, which in concert with a high-quality pathology report, will pave the way for a best quality toxicology report for an ocular toxicity study.

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“…In these species, it is more frequent and severe with increasing age, and it has not been associated with systemic disease. 1,8 Ferret ophthalmology has limited scientific literature to date and the described corneal diseases are limited to ulceration, lymphoplasmacytic keratitis, 9 nutritional deficiency of riboflavin causing corneal vascularisation and opacification. 10 Corneal dystrophy has not been reported to date.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A bilateral corneal descemetocele as a consequence of corneal dystrophy in a ferret (Mustela putorius furo)

Cattaneo,

Bersanetti,

Guandalini

2024

Vet Record Case Reports

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The purpose was to describe the clinical findings, surgery and outcome of a bilateral descemetocele in a ferret (Mustela putorius furo), resulting from corneal dystrophy. A female ferret was diagnosed with a descemetocele in the left eye, as a result of corneal dystrophy with crystalline deposits, which spontaneously detached. Surgery was performed with a corneal graft and a conjunctival flap. No systemic disease was correlated with the corneal dystrophy. After 3 months, the ferret was presented with a descemetocele of the right eye, still due to corneal dystrophy. The same surgery as previously described was performed. The ferret recovered uneventfully from both surgeries and maintained vision from both eyes. This is the first report of corneal dystrophy in a ferret, and the first report of successful surgery on a descemetocele in this species. Surgery is the treatment of choice, and if performed quickly and adequately, has a good outcome.

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The Ophthalmic Examination as It Pertains to General Ocular Toxicology: Basic and Advanced Techniques and Species-Associated Findings

Cited by 7 publications

References 104 publications

Survey of cytokines on ocular surfaces of atopic dogs by multiplex analysis using two sampling methods – a pilot study

Survey of cytokines on ocular surfaces of atopic dogs by multiplex analysis using two sampling methods – a pilot study

Selected Aspects of Ocular Toxicity Studies With a Focus on High-Quality Pathology Reports: A Pathology/Toxicology Consultant’s Perspective

A bilateral corneal descemetocele as a consequence of corneal dystrophy in a ferret (Mustela putorius furo)

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