The Operation of Lithotomy in Ancient Greece

Abstract

Opening the bladder via the perineum in order to remove a bladder stone was practised by the ancient Greek surgeons in very early times, probably from the days of Homer. The technique of lithotomy was described for the first time by Celsus in the first century AD and has come to be known as the lesser operation or ‘apparatus parvus’, so called because only two instruments are needed for it, a knife and a hook. Two fingers of the surgeon’s left hand were introduced into the patient’s rectum while an assistant pressed on the lower abdomen to encourage descent of the stone near the neck of the bladder. A slightly curved incision was made in the skin near the anus and a second transverse incision was made through or immediately above the prostate, opening the bladder neck. The calculus was extracted from the wound by the fingers or by a hook. This ancient method of lithotomy as described by Celsus was the only one performed until the middle of the 16th century, and many surgeons advised the apparatus parvus as the operation of choice in young patients until the middle of the 18th century.

Supersymmetry and neutrinoless double β decay

“…We assume that the R p / Yukawa coupling constants λ, λ ′ , λ ′′ are small enough to be neglected in these equations. Equation (9)…”

The genitourinary system in ancient Greece: a historical perspective

“…Cornelius Celsus (25 BC–50AD), in his book De Medicina , considered the most significant medical document after the Hippocratic writings, was the first to describe a method of cystolithotomy, named the Celsian method. This procedure was also known as the “lesser operation,” because only two instruments were needed, a knife and a hook (21,24).…”

R-parity-conserving supersymmetry, neutrino mass, and neutrinoless double beta decay

“…Such a representation is crucial for the derivation of the 0νββ-transition operators in the non-relativistic impulse approximation and for the subsequent nuclear structure calculations discussed in the sect. 4.…”

“…These terms violate not only L and B but also R-parity defined as R p = (−1) 3B+L+2S with S being a particle spin. Models containing such interaction terms are usually referred to as SUSY models with explicit R P -breaking [4]. (R P can also be broken spontaneously via a non-zero vacuum expectation value of the sneutrino field < ν > = 0 [5].…”