The operation of a Research and Development (R&amp;D) program and its significance for practice change in community pharmacy

Hermansyah, Andi; Sainsbury, Erica; Krass, Ines

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184954

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Community pharmacy practice as well as the pharmacist’s role is changing due to several factors, including digitalisation, new pharmacy services and increased knowledge. It is important therefore to perform research in community pharmacies as well as to develop strategies for how to implement new knowledge in practice [ 55 ]. In Sweden, pharmacy research decreased after the re-regulation of the pharmacy market.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of a Decision Support System in Swedish Pharmacies to Identify Potential Drug-Related Problems—Effects of a National Intervention Focused on Reviewing Elderly Patients’ Prescriptions

Hammar

Hellström

Ericson³

2020

Pharmacy

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In pharmacies in Sweden, a clinical decision support system called Electronic Expert Support (EES) is available to analyse patients’ prescriptions for potential drug-related problems. A nationwide intervention was performed in 2018 among all Swedish pharmacy chains to increase the use of EES among patients 75 years or older. The aim of this research was to study the use of EES in connection with the national intervention in order to describe any effects of the intervention, to understand how pharmacists use EES and to identify any barriers and facilitators for the use of EES by pharmacists for elderly patients. Data on the number and categories of EES analyses, alerts, resolved alerts and active pharmacies was provided by the Swedish eHealth Agency. The effects of the intervention were analysed using interrupted time series regression. A web-based questionnaire comprising 20 questions was sent to 1500 pharmacists randomly selected from all pharmacies in Sweden. The study shows that pharmacists use and appreciate EES and that the national intervention had a clear effect during the week of the intervention and seems to have contributed to a faster increase in pharmacists’ use of EES during the year to follow. The study also identified several issues or barriers for using EES.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of a Decision Support System in Swedish Pharmacies to Identify Potential Drug-Related Problems—Effects of a National Intervention Focused on Reviewing Elderly Patients’ Prescriptions

Hammar

Hellström

Ericson³

2020

Pharmacy

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“…▪ 72 non-intervention studies [ 150 , 151 , 154 , 157 , 159 , 161 , 163 – 166 , 169 , 170 , 172 – 175 , 177 , 180 , 181 , 186 – 193 , 195 – 200 , 204 , 210 , 213 , 215 , 216 , 218 , 224 , 226 – 233 , 237 – 242 , 246 – 248 , 253 , 256 , 257 , 262 , 264 , 267 , 271 , 272 , 275 , 286 , 293 – 295 , 298 , 302 ]…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

“…A total of 102 (28%) articles described testing or validating PARIHS, or provided comments on the validity of the framework [ 3 , 13 , 23 , 24 , 35 , 44 , 46 , 58 , 60 , 62 , 64 , 67 , 71 , 74 , 76 , 78 – 81 , 84 , 85 , 89 , 98 , 105 , 107 , 110 , 113 , 115 , 120 , 121 , 143 , 149 , 150 , 153 , 155 , 157 – 159 , 166 , 168 , 170 , 172 , 180 – 182 , 187 , 188 , 190 , 191 , 195 , 198 , 201 , 203 , 204 , 206 – 209 , 211 , 212 , 214 , 229 , 246 , 249 , 250 , 252 , 253 , 255 , 264 , 267 , 268 , 277 , 278 ...…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of the PARIHS framework in implementation research and practice—a citation analysis of the literature

et al. 2020

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Background: The Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) framework was developed two decades ago and conceptualizes successful implementation (SI) as a function (f) of the evidence (E) nature and type, context (C) quality, and the facilitation (F), [SI = f (E,C,F)]. Despite a growing number of citations of theoretical frameworks including PARIHS, details of how theoretical frameworks are used remains largely unknown. This review aimed to enhance the understanding of the breadth and depth of the use of the PARIHS framework. Methods: This citation analysis commenced from four core articles representing the key stages of the framework's development. The citation search was performed in Web of Science and Scopus. After exclusion, we undertook an initial assessment aimed to identify articles using PARIHS and not only referencing any of the core articles. To assess this, all articles were read in full. Further data extraction included capturing information about where (country/ countries and setting/s) PARIHS had been used, as well as categorizing how the framework was applied. Also, strengths and weaknesses, as well as efforts to validate the framework, were explored in detail. Results: The citation search yielded 1613 articles. After applying exclusion criteria, 1475 articles were read in full, and the initial assessment yielded a total of 367 articles reported to have used the PARIHS framework. These articles were included for data extraction. The framework had been used in a variety of settings and in both high-, middle-, and low-income countries. With regard to types of use, 32% used PARIHS in planning and delivering an intervention, 50% in data analysis, 55% in the evaluation of study findings, and/or 37% in any other way. Further analysis showed that its actual application was frequently partial and generally not well elaborated. Conclusions: In line with previous citation analysis of the use of theoretical frameworks in implementation science, we also found a rather superficial description of the use of PARIHS. Thus, we propose the development and adoption of reporting guidelines on how framework(s) are used in implementation studies, with the expectation that this will enhance the maturity of implementation science.

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“…Research to support new Programs and the profession’s aspirations for an expanded scope of practice including remunerated patient-focused roles, align with the public health objective of QUM [ 76 , 77 ]. Over five CPA’s, approximately $95 million was committed to research to ‘improve clinical outcomes for consumers and/or extend the role of pharmacists in delivery of primary healthcare services’ [ 78 ]. This research led to the introduction of a small number of funded Programs, some of which have not been sustained (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Between the 3rd and 6th CPAs, Programs received between 1.29% and 2.77% of CPA funding. The impact of the Programs was reported as small in 2015 and uptake reported as limited by 2020 [ 78 , 79 ]. In the first year of the 7th CPA, projected funding covered just three clinically focused Program areas (Medication adherence programs $105.5 M, Medication Management Programs $96.4 M, Indigenous peoples Programs $12.6 M) [ 9 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An evaluation of the Australian Community Pharmacy Agreement from a public policy perspective: industry policy cloaked as health policy?

Jackson

Scahill

Mintrom

et al. 2023

J of Pharm Policy and Pract

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Background A series of Community Pharmacy Agreements (Agreements) between the Federal government and a pharmacy-owners’ body, the Pharmacy Guild of Australia (PGA) have been influential policy in Australian community pharmacy (CP) since 1990. While ostensibly to support the public’s access and use of medicines, the core elements of the Agreements have been remuneration for dispensing and rules that limit the establishment of new pharmacies. Criticism has focused on the self-interest of pharmacy owners, the exclusion of other pharmacy stakeholders from the Agreement negotiations, the lack of transparency, and the impact on competition. The objective of this paper is to determine the true nature of the policy by examining the evolution of the CPA from a policy theory perspective. Methods A qualitative evaluation of all seven Agreement documents and their impact was undertaken using policy theories including a linear policy development model, Multiple Streams Framework, Incremental Theory, the Advocacy Coalition Framework, the Theory of Economic Regulation, the Punctuated Equilibrium Framework, and Elite Theory. The Agreements were evaluated using four lenses: their objectives, evidentiary base, stakeholders and beneficiaries. Results The PGA has acted as an elite organisation with long-standing influence on the policy’s development and implementation. Notable has been the failure of other pharmacy stakeholders to establish broad-based advocacy coalitions in order to influence the Agreements. The incremental changes negotiated every 5 years to the core elements of the Agreements have supported the publics’ access to medication, provided stability for the government, and security for existing pharmacy owners. Their impact on the evolution of pharmacists’ scope of practice and through that, on the public’s safe and appropriate use of medication, has been less clear. Conclusions The Agreements can be characterised predominantly as industry policy benefiting pharmacy owners, rather than health policy. An emerging issue is whether incremental change will continue to be an adequate policy response to the social, political, and technological changes that are affecting health care, or whether policy disruption is likely to arise.

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The operation of a Research and Development (R&D) program and its significance for practice change in community pharmacy

Cited by 8 publications

References 41 publications

The Use of a Decision Support System in Swedish Pharmacies to Identify Potential Drug-Related Problems—Effects of a National Intervention Focused on Reviewing Elderly Patients’ Prescriptions

The Use of a Decision Support System in Swedish Pharmacies to Identify Potential Drug-Related Problems—Effects of a National Intervention Focused on Reviewing Elderly Patients’ Prescriptions

The use of the PARIHS framework in implementation research and practice—a citation analysis of the literature

An evaluation of the Australian Community Pharmacy Agreement from a public policy perspective: industry policy cloaked as health policy?

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