The Open Field Test

Gould, Todd D.; Dao, David; Kovacsics, Colleen E.

doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-303-9_1

Cited by 414 publications

(305 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…Additionally, Gould et al [24] stated that reduced movement around the arena, and reluctance to enter or move from one place to another or spend time in the open central area indicated anxiety-related behaviour in the tested mice as observed in the current study.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 69%

Malathion Neurotoxic Effects on Dopaminergic System in Mice: Role of Inflammation

Ahmed¹,

Rahman²,

Salama³

et al. 2017

J Biomedical Sci

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 69%

Malathion Neurotoxic Effects on Dopaminergic System in Mice: Role of Inflammation

Ahmed¹,

Rahman²,

Salama³

et al. 2017

J Biomedical Sci

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“…These changes were also associated with a high emotional reactivity in the initial stages of post nephrectomy. Our animals showed thigmotaxis and the exploratory drive was less in the initial stages of the disease which indicates that the animals were less anxious and more fearful (Gould et al 2009). The lesser time spent in the periphery and number of fecal pellets can be interpreted with emotionality (Gould et al 2009).…”

Section: Locomotor Exploratory and Emotional Activitymentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Our animals showed thigmotaxis and the exploratory drive was less in the initial stages of the disease which indicates that the animals were less anxious and more fearful (Gould et al 2009). The lesser time spent in the periphery and number of fecal pellets can be interpreted with emotionality (Gould et al 2009). Initially, the animals were found to sit only in the corner peripheral squares, continuously grooming.…”

Section: Locomotor Exploratory and Emotional Activitymentioning

confidence: 64%

Psychomotor functions at various weeks of chronic renal failure in rats

Chandanathil¹,

Upadhya

Bhat³

2014

Cogn Neurodyn

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In chronic renal failure there is a gradual retention of substances in the tissues and body fluids, called as uremic retention toxins, which can bring about a number of biochemical activities in the body. Chronic renal insufficiency also leads to progressive behavioural conflict. Uremic toxins can affect both the central and the peripheral nervous system. Uremic encephalopathy is also associated with problems in cognition and memory. To study the psychomotor functional disorders in rats with progressive chronic renal failure surgical nephrectomy was done by resection method. The animals were grouped into two control groups, Sham control (SC) and normal control (NC) and two uremic groups, moderate uremia (G M ) and severe uremia (G S ). Psychomotor analysis was done by passive avoidance and open field in these animals at 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. After the incubation period, the nephrectomised groups (G M and G S ) showed significant changes in exploratory, locomotor and emotional behaviour when compared to the controls (NC and SC). Psychomotor changes involve poor cognition, reduced memory, reduced locomotor activity and decreased exploratory drive and emotional disturbance like increased fear during the initial stages. During the later stages a restless behaviour was noticed, associated with diminished fear.

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“…Also any manipulations that may affect the overall activity levels may potentially alter immobility in the FST leading to spurious conclusions. Therefore it is important to verify the results of FST with separate behavioral tests that measure overall activity such as the open-field test 1,27 . It is beneficial to keep in mind that the FST does not represent the human condition, and to extent which underlying neurobiological mechanisms of the behaviors manifested by model animals in the FST and human depression overlap is not entirely clear 28 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mouse Forced Swim Test

Can

Dao

Arad

et al. 2011

JoVE

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357

295

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The forced swim test is a rodent behavioral test used for evaluation of antidepressant drugs, antidepressant efficacy of new compounds, and experimental manipulations that are aimed at rendering or preventing depressive-like states. Mice are placed in an inescapable transparent tank that is filled with water and their escape related mobility behavior is measured. The forced swim test is straightforward to conduct reliably and it requires minimal specialized equipment. Successful implementation of the forced swim test requires adherence to certain procedural details and minimization of unwarranted stress to the mice. In the protocol description and the accompanying video, we explain how to conduct the mouse version of this test with emphasis on potential pitfalls that may be detrimental to interpretation of results and how to avoid them. Additionally, we explain how the behaviors manifested in the test are assessed. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at http://www.jove.com/video/3638/ Protocol 1. Materials and Method The water tanksThe cylindrical tanks (30 cm height x 20 cm diameters) required for the mouse forced swim test (FST) in our laboratory are constructed of transparent Plexiglas, as this material is able to withstand the frequent movement of the tanks and accidents better than glass. The water level is 15 cm from the bottom and should be marked on the tank to ensure that the volume of water is consistent across mice. The number of tanks should ideally be at least twice as many as the number of mice being tested at a time, so that the second water tank set can be filled while the first set is in use. The dimensions of the tanks should be selected in a way that the mice will not be able to touch the bottom of the tank, either with their feet or their tails, during the swimming test. The height of the tank should be high enough to prevent the mice from escaping from the tank. Please note that the diameter of tank and the depth of water are important parameters that can be adjusted to change the behavior of mice (for a detailed analysis of these issues see 1-3 ). ThermometerA water resistant infrared thermometer is preferable, since rapid measurement of temperature reduces the amount of time required to conduct the test. However, a glass mercury thermometer will also be sufficient for this task.

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The Open Field Test

Cited by 414 publications

References 91 publications

Malathion Neurotoxic Effects on Dopaminergic System in Mice: Role of Inflammation

Malathion Neurotoxic Effects on Dopaminergic System in Mice: Role of Inflammation

Psychomotor functions at various weeks of chronic renal failure in rats

The Mouse Forced Swim Test

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