The ontology of order

McGonigle, Brendan; Chalmers, Margaret

doi:10.4324/9780203435854_chapter_14

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Similarly, latency of responding to the second item should increase linearly as a function of the number of items from the original list that intervene between the first and the second items of the subset pair. Precisely, such functions were obtained from cebus monkeys, who were trained to produce a five-item list (D'Amato & Colombo, 1988; McGonigle & Chalmers, 1996) and from rhesus monkeys, who were trained to produce four-item lists (Swartz et al, 1991). The subjects of the latter experiment were Franklin and Rutherford, who also served in this experiment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serial learning by rhesus monkeys: II. Learning four-item lists by trial and error.

Swartz¹,

Chen²,

Terrace³

2000

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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Three rhesus macaque monkeys were trained to produce novel 4-item lists (A -H> B -> C -+*• D) on which all items were displayed from the start of training. Subjects were previously trained to produce 4-item lists by adding one item at a time (A, A -> B, A -» B -> C, and A -» B -> C -> D; lists K. B, Swartz ct al., 1991). Those lists could be mastered by responding to each new item last. To learn lists on which all items were displayed from the start of training, subjects had to recall the consequences of errors and correct responses to each item. Errors ended the trial; correct responses to A. B, or C allowed the trial to continue. A correct response to D produced food reward. Although the probability of executing a 4-item list correctly by chance was .04, each subject mastered 4 novel 4-item lists by trial and error. The ability of monkeys to use a trial-and-enor strategy to learn novel lists provides a basis for studying the development of serial expertise in animals.The experiment described in this article concerns the development of serial expertise in monkeys, specifically, a monkey's ability to memorize arbitrary sequences of arbitrary stimuli. Recent research has shown that cebus apella (D'Amato & Colombo, 1988;

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serial learning by rhesus monkeys: II. Learning four-item lists by trial and error.

Swartz¹,

Chen²,

Terrace³

2000

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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“…Yet Yirmiya and colleagues failed to obtain a significant effect with these tasks when the participants were high-functioning children with a chronological age of 9 years and above. One possible reason for this is that the classic form of the task itself is not a well-calibrated test of executive functioning, especially for older, more expert seriators (see Chalmers & McGonigle, 1997;McGonigle & Chalmers, 1996 for an extensive discussion).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Size Sequencing as a Window on Executive Control in Children with Autism and Asperger’s Syndrome

McGonigle-Chalmers

Bodner

Fox-Pitt

et al. 2007

J Autism Dev Disord

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A study is reported in which size sequencing on a touch screen is used as a measure of executive control in 20 high-functioning children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The data show a significant and age-independent effect of the length of sequence that can be executed without errors by these children, in comparison with a chronologically age-matched group of children with normal development. Error data and reaction times are analysed and are interpreted as revealing a constraint on the prospective component of working memory in children on the autistic spectrum even when there is no change in goal or perceptual set. It is concluded that the size sequencing paradigm is an effective measure of executive difficulties associated with autism.

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“…And the economy motive behind the thinking here runs fully consistently with the way cognitive systems in general are being considered as governed by an economy motive which attempts to achieve the most behaviour for the least effort (Anderson 1990;McGonigle & Chalmers 1996). Under these conditions the layout is converted from a simultaneous presentation to a serial, sequential one paced by a clock which constrains the flow of input and forms an interface between cognition and the world.…”

Section: Beyond Embodiment: Cognition As Interactive Skillmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…The sorts of search and ordering tasks using touch screens we have been developing at Edinburgh over the past 8 years or so offer extensive analyses of the hierarchical layers of organisation and the timing functions demanded by various visual sorting and ordering routines needed to control large search spaces (McGonigle & Chalmers 1996). To develop these ideas further needs more research into serial executive control which can both specify cognitive state and map eye movement.…”

Section: Beyond Embodiment: Cognition As Interactive Skillmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deictic codes, embodiment of cognition, and the real world

Epelboim¹

1997

Behav Brain Sci

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To describe phenomena that occur at different time scales, computational models of the brain must incorporate different levels of abstraction. At time scales of approximately 1 ⁄3 of a second, orienting movements of the body play a crucial role in cognition and form a useful computational level -more abstract than that used to capture natural phenomena but less abstract than what is traditionally used to study high-level cognitive processes such as reasoning. At this "embodiment level," the constraints of the physical system determine the nature of cognitive operations. The key synergy is that at time scales of about 1 ⁄3 of a second, the natural sequentiality of body movements can be matched to the natural computational economies of sequential decision systems through a system of implicit reference called deictic in which pointing movements are used to bind objects in the world to cognitive programs. This target article focuses on how deictic bindings make it possible to perform natural tasks. Deictic computation provides a mechanism for representing the essential features that link external sensory data with internal cognitive programs and motor actions. One of the central features of cognition, working memory, can be related to moment-by-moment dispositions of body features such as eye movements and hand movements. Abstract: Deictic coding offers a useful model for understanding the interactions between the dorsal and ventral streams of visual processing in the cerebral cortex. By extending Ballard et al.'s ideas on teleassistance, I show how dedicated low-level visuomotor processes in the dorsal stream Abstract: Ballard et al. model eye position as a deictic pointer for spatial perception. Evidence from research on gaze control indicates, however, that shifts in actual eye position are neither necessary nor sufficient to produce shifts in spatial perception. Deictic context is instead provided by the interaction between two deictic pointers; one representing actual eye position, and the other, intended eye position.Ballard et al. present evidence indicating that the spatial context for perception is provided by deictic pointers such as eye position. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Thanks are due to Bruce Bridgeman, Marc Pomplun, Andreas Sprenger, and Pieter Unema for discussion of these issues.Abstract: This commentary raises three questions about the target article: What are pointers or deictic devices? Why insist on deictic codes for cognition rather than deixis simpliciter? And in what sense is cognition embodied, on this view?

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The ontology of order

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Serial learning by rhesus monkeys: II. Learning four-item lists by trial and error.

Serial learning by rhesus monkeys: II. Learning four-item lists by trial and error.

Size Sequencing as a Window on Executive Control in Children with Autism and Asperger’s Syndrome

Deictic codes, embodiment of cognition, and the real world

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