The onset of star formation 250 million years after the Big Bang

Hashimoto, T.; Laporte, Nicolas; Mawatari, Ken; Ellis, Richard S.; Inoue, Akio; Zackrisson, Erik; Roberts-Borsani, Guido; Zheng, Wei; Tamura, Motohide; Bauer, F. E.; Fletcher, Thomas J.; Harikane, Yuichi; Hatsukade, Bunyo; Hayatsu, Natsuki H.; Matsuda, Yoshihisa; Matsuo, Hiroshi; Okamoto, Takashi; Ouchi, Masami; Pelló, R.; Rydberg, Claes-Erik; Shimizu, Ikkoh; Taniguchi, Yoshiaki; Umehata, Hideki; Yoshida, Naoki

doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0117-z

Cited by 366 publications

(456 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…While [C ii] is associated with neutral H i gas in photodissociation regions (PDRs), [O iii] is associated with ionized H ii gas, more prevalent in higher redshift, lower metallicity galaxies with higher ionization states (Harikane et al 2018). As predicted, ALMA's highest-redshift spectroscopic confirmations have come from [O iii], and the six z > 6 galaxies targeted to date have all yielded [O iii] detections at z = 6.900 (Marrone et al 2018); z = 7.107 (Carniani et al 2017); z = 7.212 (Inoue et al 2016); z = 8.312 (Tamura et al 2018); z = 8.382 (Laporte et al 2017a); and z = 9.11 (Hashimoto et al 2018b). The two highest redshift detections are lensed galaxies.…”

Section: High-redshift Candidatesmentioning

confidence: 66%

RELICS: Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey

Coe

Salmon

Bradač

et al. 2019

ApJ

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183

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Large surveys of galaxy clusters with the Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes, including CLASH and the Frontier Fields, have demonstrated the power of strong gravitational lensing to efficiently deliver large samples of high-redshift galaxies. We extend this strategy through a wider, shallower survey named RELICS, the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey. This survey, described here, was designed primarily to deliver the best and brightest high-redshift candidates from the first billion years after the Big Bang. RELICS observed 41 massive galaxy clusters with Hubble and Spitzer at 0.4-1.7µm and 3.0-5.0µm, respectively. We selected 21 clusters based on Planck PSZ2 mass estimates and the other 20 based on observed or inferred lensing strength. Our 188-orbit Hubble Treasury Program obtained the first high-resolution near-infrared images of these clusters to efficiently search for lensed highredshift galaxies. We observed 46 WFC3/IR pointings (∼200 arcmin 2 ) with two orbits divided among four filters (F105W, F125W, F140W, and F160W) and ACS imaging as needed to achieve single-orbit depth in each of three filters (F435W, F606W, and F814W). As previously reported by Salmon et al., we discovered 322 z ∼ 6 − 10 candidates, including the brightest known at z ∼ 6, and the most spatially-resolved distant lensed arc known at z ∼ 10. Spitzer IRAC imaging (945 hours awarded, plus 100 archival) has crucially enabled us to distinguish z ∼ 10 candidates from z ∼ 2 interlopers. For each cluster, two HST observing epochs were staggered by about a month, enabling us to discover 11 supernovae, including 3 lensed supernovae, which we followed up with 20 orbits from our program. We delivered reduced HST images and catalogs of all clusters to the public via MAST and reduced Spitzer images via IRSA. We have also begun delivering lens models of all clusters, to be completed before the JWST GO Cycle 1 call for proposals.

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Section: High-redshift Candidatesmentioning

confidence: 66%

RELICS: Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey

Coe

Salmon

Bradač

et al. 2019

ApJ

Self Cite

183

159

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“…Devine & Bally 1999;Tsuru et al 2007) is substantially shorter than the duration of the starburst episode driving it (∼100s of Myr, e.g. McQuinn et al 2010;Hashimoto et al 2018;McQuinn et al 2018;Owen et al 2019b), a result supported by observations. This means that the mass and energy injection rates remain roughly steady, and a stationary outflow can therefore develop.…”

Section: Additional Remarksmentioning

confidence: 75%

A hydrodynamical study of outflows in starburst galaxies with different driving mechanisms

Owen

et al. 2020

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Outflows from starburst galaxies can be driven by thermal pressure, radiation and cosmic rays. We present an analytic phenomenological model that accounts for these contributions simultaneously to investigate their effects on the hydrodynamical properties of outflows. We assess the impact of energy injection, wind opacity, magnetic field strength and the mass of the host galaxy on flow velocity, temperature, density and pressure profiles. For an M82-like wind, a thermally-dominated driving mechanism is found to deliver the fastest and hottest wind. Radiation-driven winds in typical starburst-galaxy configurations are unable to attain the higher flow velocities and temperatures associated with thermal and cosmic ray-driven systems, leading to higher wind densities which would be more susceptible to cooling and fragmentation at lower altitudes. High opacity winds are more sensitive to radiative driving, but terminal flow velocities are still lower than those achieved by other driving mechanisms at realistic opacities. We demonstrate that variations in the outflow magnetic field can influence its coupling with cosmic rays, where stronger fields enable greater streaming but less driving near the base of the flow, instead with cosmic rays redirecting their driving impact to higher altitudes. The gravitational potential is less important in M82-like wind configurations, and substantial variations in the flow profiles only emerge at high altitude in massive haloes. This model offers a more generalised approach to examine the large scale hydrodynamical properties for a wide variety of starburst galaxies.

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“…Studying passive or Balmer Break Galaxies (BBGs; Wiklind et al 2008) at high redshift can potentially help explore a redshift frontier of cosmic SFH because such galaxies should have undergone intense star-formation a long time before they are observed. For example, a spectroscopically confirmed galaxy at z = 9.1 has a strong Balmer break (Hashimoto et al 2018a), whereas this galaxy also shows current star-formation and cannot be regarded as a pure passive galaxy. Hashimoto et al (2018a) ana-lyzed the spectral energy distribution (SED), concluding that the galaxy started star-formation at redshift as high as z ∼ 15.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Balmer Break Galaxy Candidates at z ∼ 6: A Potential View on the Star Formation Activity at z ≳ 14

Mawatari

Inoue

Hashimoto

et al. 2020

ApJ

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We search for galaxies with a strong Balmer break (Balmer Break Galaxies; BBGs) at z ∼ 6 over a 0.41 deg 2 effective area in the COSMOS field. Based on rich imaging data, including data obtained with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), three candidates are identified by their extremely red K − [3.6] colors as well as by non-detection in X-ray, optical, far-infrared (FIR), and radio bands. The non-detection in the deep ALMA observations suggests that they are not dusty galaxies but BBGs at z ∼ 6, although contamination from Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) at z ∼ 0 cannot be completely ruled out for the moment. Our spectral energy distribution (SED) analyses reveal that the BBG candidates at z ∼ 6 have stellar masses of ≈ 5 × 10 10 M ⊙ dominated by old stellar populations with ages of 700 Myr. Assuming that all the three candidates are real BBGs at z ∼ 6, we estimate the stellar mass density (SMD) to be 2.4 +2.3 −1.3 × 10 4 M ⊙ Mpc −3 . This is consistent with an extrapolation from the lower redshift measurements. The onset of star formation in the three BBG candidates is expected to be several hundred million years before the observed epoch of z ∼ 6. We estimate the star-formation rate density (SFRD) contributed by progenitors of the BBGs to be 2.4 -12 ×10 −5 M ⊙ yr −1 Mpc −3 at z > 14 (99.7% confidence range). Our result suggests a smooth evolution of the SFRD beyond z = 8.

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The onset of star formation 250 million years after the Big Bang

Cited by 366 publications

References 56 publications

RELICS: Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey

RELICS: Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey

A hydrodynamical study of outflows in starburst galaxies with different driving mechanisms

Balmer Break Galaxy Candidates at z ∼ 6: A Potential View on the Star Formation Activity at z ≳ 14

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