The onset of puberty and the availability of sex steroids in female gymnasts

Ridder, C. M. De; Zonderland, M. L.; Thijssen, J. H. H.; Bruning, P.F.; Barth, A.D.; Steenbruggen, A.; Erich, W. B. M.

doi:10.1002/ajhb.1310050302

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…A possible explanation of this phenomenon can be lower levels of estrogens related to a delayed onset of puberty. Also girls who exhibit lower values of estradiol had a narrower pelvis in comparison with the average weight females of the same age (De Ridder et al, 1993). In consistency with this, we observed that male adolescents with higher body fat and with that related elevated levels of estrogens tend to have a relatively wider pelvis and lower overall androgenic status in adulthood.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

The relationship between adolescent obesity and pelvis dimensions in adulthood: a retrospective longitudinal study

Novák

Brůžek

Zamrazilová

et al. 2020

PeerJ

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Background The effect of fat tissue on a developing individual is fundamentally different from the effect on an adult. Several changes caused by obesity during sexual maturation have an irreversible and severe negative effect (lower fertility, reduced final height, type 2 diabetes mellitus) even for those who have subsequently lost weight. Our study was focused on monitoring the skeletal structure substantially influenced by sex hormones—the pelvis. The adult pelvis is strongly sexually dimorphic, which is not the case for the juvenile pelvis; skeletal differences between sexes are not so prominent and start to manifest with the onset of puberty. Evidence from animal models and case studies of treatment of gender dysphoria suggests that estrogens have a stimulatory effect on the growth plates present on the pelvis, leading to morphological change. Male obesity, especially in puberty, is connected with hypogonadism, manifesting in low levels of testosterone, and high levels of estrogens. The goal of our study was to evaluate the influence of obesity during adolescence on the morphology of the adult pelvis in the context of androgen and estrogen status. Sample and Methods Our sample consists of 238 individuals (144 females, 94 males) observed after an 8 year follow-up (mean age during enrollment 15.2 years, follow-up 23.3 years). Anthropometry and body composition using bioimpedance analysis (BIA) were obtained. During the follow-up, saliva samples from male participants were also collected to estimate testosterone and estradiol levels using the salivary ELISA kit (Salimetrics LLC, State College, PA, USA). Results The body fat (percentage of body fat estimated using BIA) was strongly positively associated with relative pelvic breadths in adulthood (males r = 0.64; females r = 0.56, both with p < 0.001). Adulthood pelvic breadth was a highly sensitive (0.81) and specific (0.74) retrospective marker of obesity during adolescence. The complex regression model (with reduction of dimensionality) including testosterone, estradiol to testosterone ratio and body fat (adolescent and adulthood) was able to describe 54.8% variability of pelvic breadth among males. Discussion We observed that adults with a history of obesity from adolescence tend to have a wider dimension of the bony pelvis in adulthood. Based on the parameters of the adult pelvis, the history of obesity can be determined with satisfactory sensitivity and specificity (<70%). One of the explanations for this observation can be the influence of relatively elevated estrogens levels connected with excessive adiposity leading to a wider pelvis. However, the biomechanical stress connected with elevated body mass also has to be considered, as does the influence of physical activity and gait pattern on the skeletal build.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

The relationship between adolescent obesity and pelvis dimensions in adulthood: a retrospective longitudinal study

Novák

Brůžek

Zamrazilová

et al. 2020

PeerJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A possible explanation of this phenomenon can be lower levels of estrogens related to a delayed onset of puberty. Also girls who exhibit lower values of estradiol had a narrower pelvis in comparison with the average weight females of the same age (de Ridder et al, 1993). In consistency with this, we observed PeerJ reviewing PDF | (2019:09:41138:2:0:NEW 6 Mar 2020)…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Peer Review #3 of "The relationship between adolescent obesity and pelvis dimensions in adulthood: a retrospective longitudinal study (v0.1)"

2020

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BACKGROUND: The effect of fat tissue on a developing individual is fundamentally different from the effect on an adult. Several changes caused by obesity during sexual maturation have an irreversible and severe negative effect (lower fertility, reduced final height, type 2 diabetes mellitus) even for those who have subsequently lost weight. Our study was focused on monitoring the skeletal structure substantially influenced by sex hormones-the pelvis. The adult pelvis is strongly sexually dimorphic, which is not the case for the juvenile pelvis; skeletal differences between sexes are not so prominent and start to manifest with the onset of puberty. Evidence from animal models and case studies of treatment of gender dysphoria suggests that estrogens have a stimulatory effect on the growth plates present on the pelvis, leading to morphological change. Male obesity, especially in puberty, is connected with hypogonadism, manifesting in low levels of testosterone, and high levels of estrogens. The goal of our study was to evaluate the influence of obesity during adolescence on the morphology of the adult pelvis in the context of androgen and estrogen status. SAMPLE & METHODS: Our sample consists of 238 individuals (144 females, 94 males) observed after an 8-year follow-up (mean age during enrollment 15.2 years, follow-up 23.3 years). Anthropometry and body composition using bioimpedance analysis (BIA) were obtained. During the follow-up, saliva samples from male participants were also collected to estimate testosterone and estradiol levels using the salivary ELISA kit (Salimetrics, LLC). RESULTS: The body fat (percentage of body fat estimated using BIA) was strongly positively associated with relative pelvic breadths in adulthood (males r = 0.64; females r = 0.56, both with p < 0.001). Adulthood pelvic breadth was a highly sensitive (0.81) and specific (0.74) retrospective marker of obesity during adolescence. The complex regression model (with reduction of dimensionality) including testosterone, estradiol to testosterone ratio and body fat (adolescent and adulthood) was able to describe 54.8 % variability of pelvic breadth among males. DISCUSSION: We observed that adults with a history of obesity from adolescence tend to have a wider dimension of the bony pelvis in adulthood. Based on the parameters of the adult pelvis, the history of obesity can be determined with satisfactory sensitivity and specificity (< 70 %). One of the explanations for this observation can be the influence of relatively elevated estrogens levels connected with excessive adiposity leading to a wider pelvis. However, the biomechanical stress connected with elevated body mass also has to be considered, as does the influence of physical activity and gait pattern on the skeletal build.

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“…Since estrogens mediate the progress of female pubertal development 22 , the absence of menarche observed in gymnasts can be explain by the low oestradiol and progesterone levels ( Table 2). Moreover, De Ridder et al 19 showed that low energy intake, daily fibre intake and iron status have a negative effect on gonadal hormone concentrations. In our study, the nutritional intake of the gymnasts was lower than the French recommendations 14 (Table 4) regardless of the period of the investigation.…”

Section: Hormonal Variablesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of 16 Weeks of Training Prior to a Major Competition on Hormonal and Biochemical Parameters in Young Elite Gymnasts

Filaire

Jouanel²,

Colombier³

et al. 2003

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism

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The aim of this study was to investigate the response to 16 weeks of training on selected hormonal and biological parameters in seven international competition level female artistic gymnasts (14.5 +/- 1.2 years). Data were collected at the beginning of the first training week (W1) and in the 16th week (W16). Assessments also included anthropometric measurements, dietary intake for 7 days and Tanner staging. No gymnast had reached menarche and the puberty stages corresponded to Tanner's pubertal stage 2. The gymnasts were smaller than average for their age group, with a height:weight ratio above the 50th percentile. Energy intake was about 31% lower than recommendations. Significant decreases in IGF-I, IGFBP3, IGF-I:C ratio and triglyceride values and increases in uric acid and creatinine levels were noted. Cortisol values were high regardless of the period. This training provided evidence for alterations in resting somatotropic and adrenocorticotropic parameters.

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The onset of puberty and the availability of sex steroids in female gymnasts

Cited by 6 publications

References 19 publications

The relationship between adolescent obesity and pelvis dimensions in adulthood: a retrospective longitudinal study

The relationship between adolescent obesity and pelvis dimensions in adulthood: a retrospective longitudinal study

Peer Review #3 of "The relationship between adolescent obesity and pelvis dimensions in adulthood: a retrospective longitudinal study (v0.1)"

Effects of 16 Weeks of Training Prior to a Major Competition on Hormonal and Biochemical Parameters in Young Elite Gymnasts

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