The onion model: Myth or reality in the field of individual differences psychology?

Risk Propensity, Gambling Cognition and Gambling Behavior: The Role of Family and Peer Influences

“…The outermost layer labeled as "instructional preferences" refers to "the individual's choice of environment in which to learn" (Curry, 1983, p. 8). As the layer interacts most directly with external features, it is regarded as the most observable layer, linking individual's internal features such as cognition and personality with behavior (Cools & Bellens, 2012). In this study, based on the "instructional preferences" theory, we hypothesize that gamblers' cognitive distortions are related to gambling behaviors.…”

“…The second layer is named "information-processing style" and refers to the individual's approach to assimilate information (i.e., orientation, sensory loading, short-term memory, enhanced association, coding system, long-term storage), creating their own cognitions (Cools & Bellens, 2012). Thus, the link between these two layers-"cognitive personality style" and "information-processing style" can be explained that specific personality will result in the seeking for this matching information.…”

Styles, approaches, and patterns in student learning

“…In summary, this special section contributes to advancing our understanding and application of styles, approaches, and patterns in student learning to education in its fine‐grained focus on three important areas: dimensionality, measurement, and changeability. Stability and variability are evident in all dimensions of student learning; this finding moves us very firmly away from traditional ways of differentiating the field where stability was seen as a characteristic of cognitive styles and mobility as more of a characteristic feature of students’ approaches to learning (Cools & Bellens, ; Curry, ). The role of contextual influences on individual differences in learning is also evident in current definitions of cognitive styles (Evans & Waring, ; Moskvina & Kozhevnikov, ) as is the role of person‐bound influences in definitions of approaches and patterns (Richardson, ; Vermunt & Endedijk, ).…”

“…At the same time, cognitive styles research is emphasizing the role of context in addition to person‐bound variables in impacting on style development (Moskvina & Kozhevnikov, ). Across the field of student learning, there is evidence of both stability and variability in how individuals go about learning (Cools & Bellens, ).…”

Interchangeable Concept of Cognitive Styles and Learning Styles: a Conceptual Analysis

“…As cited in Cools and Bellens, Sadler-Smith remarked that "different authors used the concept such as cognitive styles, learning styles and learning preferences randomly and interchangeably and there seems to be no consensus how these concepts are interrelated [3], [4]". Cassidy and Smith also argued that research conducted in an applied and practical sense, without considering the meaning of psychological terms, will  ISSN: 2089-9823 EduLearn Vol.…”