The on-board carbon dioxide concentrations and ventilation performance in passenger cabins of US domestic flights

Cao, Xiaodong; Zevitas, Christopher D.; Spengler, John D.; Coull, Brent A.; McNeely, Eileen; Jones, Byron W.; Loo, Sin Ming; MacNaughton, Piers; Allen, Joseph G.

doi:10.1177/1420326x18793997

Cited by 35 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…The flight deck has been under studied, however; nearly all of the research to date on these environmental factors in airplanes, has focused on conditions in the airplane cabin [25,26,27,28,29]. Specific to air quality, a focus of our current study, one study of 179 U.S. domestic flights, Cao et al [30] found an average CO 2 concentration of 1353 ± 290 ppm (mean ± SD) during all flight phases, but as high as nearly 3000 ppm during boarding, a time when the flight deck door is usually open. The equivalent outside air ventilation rates could only meet the minimum value of 4.7 L/s/p as required by Federal Aviation Regulations [31] 42% of time during boarding and 73% of time during flying.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heart Rate Variability and Performance of Commercial Airline Pilots during Flight Simulations

Cao

MacNaughton

Cadet

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Pilots undergo a variety of stressors that may affect their performance during all phases of flight. Heart rate variability (HRV) has been considered as a reliable indicator of the parasympathetic and sympathetic activities of human autonomic nervous system, which can be used to characterize the sympathetic stress response of pilots during flight. In this study, thirty active commercial airline pilots were recruited to fly three flight segments in a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)-certified A320 flight simulator with each segment at a different carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration on the flight deck. The pilots performed a series of maneuvers of varying difficulty, and their performance was evaluated by FAA designated pilot examiners. The HRV metrics (SDNN, RMSSD and LF/HF ratio) of each pilot both before and during flight simulations were measured with a Movisens EcgMove3 sensor. The average SDNN, RMSSD and LF/HF ratio of the pilots during flight simulations were 34.1 ± 12.7 ms, 23.8 ± 10.2 ms and 5.7 ± 2.8 respectively. Decreased HRV was associated with aging, obesity and performing difficult maneuvers. Both CO2 exposure and HRV had an independent effect on the pilot performance, while their interaction was not significant. The generalized additive mixed effect model results showed that a pilot performed better on a maneuver when his stress response was lower, as indicated by higher SDNN and RMSSD and lower LF/HF ratio. An interquartile range (IQR) increase in SDNN (21.97 ms) and RMSSD (16.00 ms) and an IQR decrease in LF/HF ratio (4.69) was associated with an increase in the odds of passing a maneuver by 37%, 22% and 20%, respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heart Rate Variability and Performance of Commercial Airline Pilots during Flight Simulations

Cao

MacNaughton

Cadet

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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“…The internal density of the cabin is high, which causes the cabin environment to be complex and have many influencing factors (Bosbach and Dehne 2016). Mixing ventilation (MV) systems were widely used in commercial aircraft (Cao et al 2019). Once one of the passengers was infected by a virus, the gaseous pollutants will quickly spread through the airflow and be transported to other passengers in the aircraft cabin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study of the impact of passenger behavior on the aircraft cabin environment

Zhang

Liu

2020

Science and Technology for the Built Environment

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“…6 Therefore, studies on thermal comfort in weightlessness is important to the conservation of the astronauts' performance and is also useful in the environmental improvement of the aircraft for the domestic flight. 7,8 Unfortunately, very few studies on thermal comfort under weightlessness have been reported. Instead, most studies have been focusing on the thermoregulation of the human body during exposure to weightlessness, without considering the significance of the effect on the thermal comfort, since the thermoregulation is about the survival of astronauts and thus is thought to be more important.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 Therefore, studies on thermal comfort in weightlessness is important to the conservation of the astronauts’ performance and is also useful in the environmental improvement of the aircraft for the domestic flight. 7,8…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal comfort under weightlessness: A physiological prediction

Zhu

Huang

et al. 2020

Indoor and Built Environment

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This study investigated the physiological thermal response of people under simulated weightlessness using a 6° head down bed rest (HDBR) model to ensure the human body functions in the weightlessness way. Thermal responses of six male participants were experimentally determined. The relationship between thermal comfort and heart rate variability (HRV) was also scrutinized. Physiological responses of participants under different environmental conditions were observed including core temperature, sweating, and most importantly, HRV. Elevated core temperatures were observed amongst participants, with a maximum increment of 0.5°C. The sweating of participants under simulated weightlessness was conspicuously retarded, requiring a 2–4°C increase in environmental temperature to start sweating. Body regional differences in the sweating were also observed. The HRV index ‘LF/HF’, which reflects the balance of the autonomous nervous system, was found to vary with the environment and closely associated with the variation in the thermal comfort scores. Participants under simulated weightlessness had higher mean LF/HF when they felt comfortable, and they preferred a warmer environment in comparison to under normal gravity condition. An altered thermoregulation of the human body under simulated weightlessness was indicated by our findings. The use of HRV index could provide a useful prediction of subjective thermal comfort under weightlessness.

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The on-board carbon dioxide concentrations and ventilation performance in passenger cabins of US domestic flights

Cited by 35 publications

References 42 publications

Heart Rate Variability and Performance of Commercial Airline Pilots during Flight Simulations

Heart Rate Variability and Performance of Commercial Airline Pilots during Flight Simulations

Experimental study of the impact of passenger behavior on the aircraft cabin environment

Thermal comfort under weightlessness: A physiological prediction

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