The Oligotrophic Ocean Is Heterotrophic

Duarte, Carlos M.; Regaudie-de-Gioux, Aurore; Arrieta, Jesús M.; Huertas, António Delgado; Agustı́, Susana

doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172337

Cited by 150 publications

(177 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Mean ± SE for (a) community respiration (CR), (b) gross primary production (GPP) and (c) net community production (NCP) (mmol O 2 m −3 d −1 ) for each season (winter, spring and summer) at the three sampled depths (surface, 20 % PAR and DCM). Duarte and Agustí, 1998;Duarte et al, 2013) and for the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean (Duarte et al, 2001;González et al, 2002;Serret et al, 2002Serret et al, , 2006Morán et al, 2004;Aranguren-Gassis et al, 2011). However, some studies have also shown balanced metabolism (Williams, 1998;Aranguren-Gassis and Serret, 2012) or a prevalence of autotrophic communities (Kähler et al, 2010), leading to challenges in the view that oligotrophic regions of the ocean support heterotrophic plankton communities (Williams et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature dependence of planktonic metabolism in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean

et al. 2014

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Abstract. The temperature dependence of planktonic metabolism in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean was assessed on the basis of measurements of gross primary production (GPP), community respiration (CR) and net community production (NCP), as well as experimental assessments of the response of CR to temperature manipulations. Metabolic rates were measured at 68 stations along three consecutive longitudinal transects completed during the Malaspina 2010 Expedition, in three different seasons. Temperature gradients were observed in depth and at basin and seasonal scale. The results showed seasonal variability in the metabolic rates, the highest rates being observed during the spring transect. The overall mean integrated GPP / CR ratio was 1.39 ± 0.27 decreasing from winter to summer, and the NCP for the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean during the cruises exhibits net autotrophy (NCP > 0) in about twothirds (66 %) of the total sampled communities. Also, we reported the activation energies describing the temperature dependence of planktonic community metabolism, which was generally higher for CR than for GPP in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean, as the metabolic theory of ecology predicts. Furthermore, we made a comparison of activation energies describing the responses to in situ temperature in the field (Ea CR = 1.64 ± 0.36 eV) and those derived experimentally by temperature manipulations (Ea CR = 1.45±0.6 eV), which showed great consistency.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature dependence of planktonic metabolism in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean

et al. 2014

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“…6.4 in Ciais et al, 2013). Moreover, the carbon exported to the open ocean contributes to subsidizing heterotrophic metabolism in open ocean communities, contributing to supporting the excess community respiration over production often encountered in the oligotrophic ocean (Duarte et al, 2013b;Barrón and Duarte, 2015).…”

Section: The Fate Of the Production Of Vegetated Coastal Habitatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviews and syntheses: Hidden forests, the role of vegetated coastal habitats in the ocean carbon budget

2017

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Abstract. Vegetated coastal habitats, including seagrass and macroalgal beds, mangrove forests and salt marshes, form highly productive ecosystems, but their contribution to the global carbon budget remains overlooked, and these forests remain "hidden" in representations of the global carbon budget. Despite being confined to a narrow belt around the shoreline of the world's oceans, where they cover less than 7 million km 2 , vegetated coastal habitats support about 1 to 10 % of the global marine net primary production and generate a large organic carbon surplus of about 40 % of their net primary production (NPP), which is either buried in sediments within these habitats or exported away. Large, 10-fold uncertainties in the area covered by vegetated coastal habitats, along with variability about carbon flux estimates, result in a 10-fold bracket around the estimates of their contribution to organic carbon sequestration in sediments and the deep sea from 73 to 866 Tg C yr −1 , representing between 3 % and 1/3 of oceanic CO 2 uptake. Up to 1/2 of this carbon sequestration occurs in sink reservoirs (sediments or the deep sea) beyond these habitats. The organic carbon exported that does not reach depositional sites subsidizes the metabolism of heterotrophic organisms. In addition to a significant contribution to organic carbon production and sequestration, vegetated coastal habitats contribute as much to carbonate accumulation as coral reefs do. While globally relevant, the magnitude of global carbon fluxes supported by salt-marsh, mangrove, seagrass and macroalgal habitats is declining due to rapid habitat loss, contributing to loss of CO 2 sequestration, storage capacity and carbon subsidies. Incorporating the carbon fluxes' vegetated coastal habitats' support into depictions of the carbon budget of the global ocean and its perturbations will improve current representations of the carbon budget of the global ocean.

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“…While interpretation of results is challenging and controversial (Williams et al, 2013;Duarte et al, 2013), the direct measurement of CO 2 in the ocean is difficult (Riser and Johnson, 2008). However, as O 2 and C are linked by a stoichiometric ratio (Anderson and Sarmiento, 1994), using in situ measurements of O 2 can offer several advantages over measuring CO 2 directly: dissolved O 2 is chemically neutral, while CO 2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which further reacts with other compounds such as carbonates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Estimating net community production rates in the ocean is notoriously difficult (Williams et al, 2013;Duarte et al, 2013). This is in part because the net state is finely balanced between large opposing fluxes and measurements have large uncertainties (Ducklow and Doney, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncertainty and sensitivity in optode-based shelf-sea net community production estimates

et al. 2016

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Abstract. Coastal seas represent one of the most valuable and vulnerable habitats on Earth. Understanding biological productivity in these dynamic regions is vital to understanding how they may influence and be affected by climate change. A key metric to this end is net community production (NCP), the net effect of autotrophy and heterotrophy; however accurate estimation of NCP has proved to be a difficult task. Presented here is a thorough exploration and sensitivity analysis of an oxygen mass-balance-based NCP estimation technique applied to the Warp Anchorage monitoring station, which is a permanently well-mixed shallow area within the River Thames plume. We have developed an opensource software package for calculating NCP estimates and air-sea gas flux. Our study site is identified as a region of net heterotrophy with strong seasonal variability. The annual cumulative net community oxygen production is calculated as (−5 ± 2.5) mol m −2 a −1 . Short-term daily variability in oxygen is demonstrated to make accurate individual daily estimates challenging. The effects of bubble-induced supersaturation is shown to have a large influence on cumulative annual estimates and is the source of much uncertainty.

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The Oligotrophic Ocean Is Heterotrophic

Cited by 150 publications

References 83 publications

Temperature dependence of planktonic metabolism in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean

Temperature dependence of planktonic metabolism in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean

Reviews and syntheses: Hidden forests, the role of vegetated coastal habitats in the ocean carbon budget

Uncertainty and sensitivity in optode-based shelf-sea net community production estimates

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