The olfactory system in Alzheimer’s disease: Pathology, pathophysiology and pathway for therapy

Kovács, Tibor

doi:10.2478/s13380-013-0108-3

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 151 publications

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“…They are also thankful for valuable comments provided by Khalid Iqbal, PhD (New York In contradistinction to the pathology that emerges in the course of sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) (Braak and Del Tredici 2009;Del Tredici et al 2010;Del Tredici and Braak 2012), the hallmark lesions associated with AD remain almost exclusively confined to the CNS. Nerve cells of the peripheral and enteric nervous systems (PNS, ENS) likewise contain normal tau and the amyloid precursor protein (APP), but only the olfactory epithelium is known to develop abnormal protein aggregates (Arnold et al 2010;Kovács 2013). Why is it that the ENS and other PNS sites do not develop aggregated tau and Aβ?…”

Section: Prefacementioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroanatomy and Pathology of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease

Braak

Tredici

2015

Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology

168

256

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Reviews and critical articles covering the entire field of normal anatomy (cytology, histology, cyto-and histochemistry, electron microscopy, macroscopy, experimental morphology and embryology and comparative anatomy) are published in Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology. Papers dealing with anthropology and clinical morphology that aim to encourage cooperation between anatomy andrelated disciplines will also be accepted. Papers are normally commissioned. Original papers and communications may be submitted and will be considered for publication provided they meet the requirements of a review article and thus fit into the scope of "Advances". English language is preferred. It is a fundamental condition that submitted manuscripts have not been and will not simultaneously be submitted or published elsewhere. With the acceptance of a manuscript for publication, the publisher acquires full and exclusive copyright for all languages and countries.

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Section: Prefacementioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroanatomy and Pathology of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease

Braak

Tredici

2015

Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology

168

256

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“…Olfactory dysfunction significantly impairs physical well-being, quality of life, enjoyment of food, everyday safety, and is associated with increased mortality in older adults [15,16]. Multiple (morphological) substrates of olfactory dysfunction have been identified, such as an increased propensity for nasal disease as well as anatomical and functional changes at multiple levels of the olfactory system, including the olfactory epithelium (OE), olfactory bulb (OB), primary olfactory cortices, their secondary targets, and the olfactory circuitry [2,3,12,17]. Impaired odour identification in old age has strong practical implications on daily life activities as it is associated with a decrease in global cognition and a decline in episodic memory [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfaction and Aging: A Mini-Review

Attems

Walker

Jellinger³

2015

Gerontology

242

193

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Decreased olfactory function is very common in the older population, being present in >50% of individuals aged between 65 and 80 years and in 62-80% of those >80 years of age. Smell dysfunction significantly influences physical well-being, quality of life, nutritional status as well as everyday safety and is associated with increased mortality. Multiple factors contribute to age-related olfactory sensory loss, including nasal engorgement, cumulative damage of the olfactory epithelium from environmental insults, a reduction in mucosal metabolizing enzymes, sensory loss of receptor cells to odorants, and changes in neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems. In addition, structural and functional abnormalities of the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, central olfactory cortex, and basic olfactory circuitry, which are related to the neuronal expression of aberrant proteins in these areas, may result in olfactory sensory impairment in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Impaired odour identification is associated with a decrease in cognitive abilities and memory decline. A reduction in the sense of smell is considered to potentially represent an early and important warning of neurodegenerative disorders, particularly of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, and, in mild cognitive impairment, olfactory impairment may herald progression to dementia. Further investigations of the potential role of olfactory dysfunction in the early diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases are warranted.

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“…The aberrant accumulation of misfolded proteins can trigger several side effects, causing a transduction deficit and inflammatory responses attempting to reduce/avoid the microbial diffusion into the brain. Based on the absence of the BBB in the olfactory tract, cells and misfolded proteins can be easily propagated within the brain and subsequently affect other olfactory system components, as olfactory cortices and connected areas (hippocampus and amygdala) [233]. All these cerebral structures and their related functions are damaged in AD, and to a lesser extent in normal aging [42].…”

Section: Progressive Neurodegenerative Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfaction, among the First Senses to Develop and Decline

Brai¹,

Albèri²

2018

Sensory Nervous System

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Olfaction is one of the most conserved senses across species. It plays a crucial role in animals' and humans' life by influencing food intake, reproduction and social behavior. The olfactory system is composed of a peripheral neuroepithelium and a central olfactory nerve and is one of the few central nervous system (CNS) structures with direct access to the external environment without passage through the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB). This makes this nerve system of importance for understanding how exogenous stimuli may contribute to neuronal damage as well as for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Interestingly, olfactory activity physiologically declines with aging, but its alteration can be further impaired by various neurological conditions. For example, in progressive neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), olfaction is the first sense to be impaired before the onset of cognitive symptoms, suggesting that olfactory transmission may characterize early neural network imbalances. In this work, we will explore the main olfactory anatomical structures, the cytoarchitecture, the neurogenesis, several pathological conditions characterized by olfactory deficit and the potential use of this sense to diagnose and treat CNS pathologies.

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The olfactory system in Alzheimer’s disease: Pathology, pathophysiology and pathway for therapy

Cited by 16 publications

References 151 publications

Neuroanatomy and Pathology of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease

Neuroanatomy and Pathology of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease

Olfaction and Aging: A Mini-Review

Olfaction, among the First Senses to Develop and Decline

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