THE OIL SECTOR OF KAZAKSTAN: Some Prospects for Land Lock Breaking

Abstract

The paper summarises recent developments occurred in Kazakstan while transition to the marked-oriented economy, especially in the industrial sector. The cemparative analysis of various options for solution of problem of Kazak crude oil exports from landlocked Central Asia to global markets is given. The JapaneseSociety forSlavic and East European Studies KANI:ARB,AIYE]LQdL ET AL. extremely rich oil and gas resources in the Caspian basin. Second, the geographical contiguity of Central Asia with the Middle East and Southwest Asian regions has automatically enhanced its geopolitical significance afid sensitivity to both regional (i.e. IraR, Turkey, Russia, China) and extra-regional (i.e. the United States, Western Europe and Japan) players. This once obscure and isolated heartland part of Eurasia now constitutes a new bridge between Middle East and Far East. Third, the significance of this geographical contiguity has been complemented and magnified by the region's "natural" cultural, ethnic, linguistic and religious confiuence with Southwest Asia from one side, and with Russiafrom another side. It is just the characteristic, which may, at least for the immediate future, give such prominence to Central Asian geopolitical considerations. Finally, it seems that Sub-Caspian region will be a major test site for the ultimate shape which Russian foreign policy will take in the post-Soviet period. Relations with the new independent states in Central Asia will not only be an indication of Moscow's general attitude towards the other states of FSU, but will also refiect Russia's selfperception of her magnitude and proper place in the post-Soviet space. Analysis has been carried out on the base of ayailable information sources ef Ministry of Economy, State Statistical Committee, and various academic and business periodic of Kazakstan, Central Asia, Russia, other countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU) and the world. Outline of Econorrnic Pembrinance The deep depression of output in Kazakstan as well as in the other CIS countries continued in 1995, but the fa11 in output slowed considerably, and there are expectations of an upturn beginning to emerge in more in 1996. Such a possibility, howeyer, will very much depend on what happens in Russia with which economic links are still very close for many Kazakstan industries. Kazakstan's GDP fe11 by 8.9% in 1995 (comparing with 25.4% in 1994), and this was no more than government expected at the beginning of that year. There are hopes that if the slight progress made with economic stabilisation last year can be maintained, Kazakstan's output might stabilise in the course of 1996. But it must be stressed that the uncertainties are considerable and that the range of forecasts for 1996 also includes a further decline in output. The JapaneseSociety forSlavic and East European Studies OIL SECTOR OF KAZAKS[[AN The JapaneseSociety forSlavic and East European Studies KAN[IIARBAYEXieL ET AL. ago. Annual inflation is proving to be 60.9%, as compared with 1,258% in 1994. Since inflation appear...

The formation of ecosystems of employment for persons with disabilities

“…For all social strata of the population, it is necessary to create centers of training and support for entrepreneurship. [7]. A large group of authors see the solution of employment problems for disabled people with the help of entrepreneurial ecosystems designed to ensure economic development and have the potential to solve social and economic problems in modern society for disabled people.…”