The Octopus Vertical Lobe Modulates Short-Term Learning Rate and Uses LTP to Acquire Long-Term Memory

Shomrat, Tal; Zarrella, Ilaria; Fiorito, Graziano; Hochner, Binyamin

doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.01.056

Cited by 102 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In previous studies of learning and memory, aversive conditioning has been produced with an artificial stimulus -electric shock -resulting in long-lasting associative memory (Boycott and Young, 1956;Young, 1961;Darmillaq et al, 2004;Shomrat et al, 2008). Octopus (Octopus joubini) withdraw from hermit crabs protected by stinging anemones (Brooks, 1988), but there are no reports of nociception or either non-associative or associative behavioral changes after tissue injury in any cephalopod.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral injury induces long-term sensitization of defensive responses to visual and tactile stimuli in the squid Loligo pealeii, Lesueur 1821

Crook

Lewis

Hanlon

et al. 2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYSurvivable injuries are a common yet costly experience. The ability to sense and respond to noxious stimuli is an almost universal trait, and prolonged behavioral alterations, including sensitization to touch and other stimuli, may function to ameliorate fitness costs associated with injury. Cephalopods can modify their behavior by learned association with noxious electric shock, but nonassociative alterations of behavioral responses after tissue injury have not been studied. The aim of this study was to make the first systematic investigations in any cephalopod of behavioral responses and alterations elicited by explicit, minor injury. By testing responsiveness in the longfin squid, Loligo pealeii, to the approach and contact of an innocuous filament applied to different parts of the body both before and after injury to the distal third of one arm, we show that a cephalopod expresses behavioral alterations persisting for at least 2 days after injury. These alterations parallel forms of nociceptive plasticity in other animals, including general and site-specific sensitization to tactile stimuli. A novel finding is that hyper-responsiveness after injury extends to visual stimuli. Injured squid are more likely to employ crypsis than escape in response to an approaching visual stimulus shortly after injury, but initiate escape earlier and continue escape behaviors for longer when tested from 1 to 48h after injury. Injury failed to elicit overt wound-directed behavior (e.g. grooming) or change hunting success. Our results show that longlasting nociceptive sensitization occurs in cephalopods, and suggest that it may function to reduce predation risk after injury.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral injury induces long-term sensitization of defensive responses to visual and tactile stimuli in the squid Loligo pealeii, Lesueur 1821

Crook

Lewis

Hanlon

et al. 2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…The vertical lobe is considered the most complex part of the Octopus brain [19,22,23]. It contains about 26 million neuronsmore than half of the neurons inside the brain.…”

Section: Brain and Intelligence In Molluscsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Convergent evolution of complex brains and high intelligence

Roth

2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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One contribution of 16 to a discussion meeting issue 'Origin and evolution of the nervous system'. Within the animal kingdom, complex brains and high intelligence have evolved several to many times independently, e.g. among ecdysozoans in some groups of insects (e.g. blattoid, dipteran, hymenopteran taxa), among lophotrochozoans in octopodid molluscs, among vertebrates in teleosts (e.g. cichlids), corvid and psittacid birds, and cetaceans, elephants and primates. High levels of intelligence are invariantly bound to multimodal centres such as the mushroom bodies in insects, the vertical lobe in octopodids, the pallium in birds and the cerebral cortex in primates, all of which contain highly ordered associative neuronal networks. The driving forces for high intelligence may vary among the mentioned taxa, e.g. needs for spatial learning and foraging strategies in insects and cephalopods, for social learning in cichlids, instrumental learning and spatial orientation in birds and social as well as instrumental learning in primates.

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“…For example, the distinction of a discovery of historical and social information through action arguably gave rise to the functions of a working and a long-term memory (Shomrat et al 2008). Working memory includes an executive function that focuses attention by limiting sensory inputs to favor action that transcends them (D'Esposito et al 1995).…”

Section: Personality and The Selfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Universal History and the Emergence of Species Being

Brown

2017

SSRN Journal

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This paper seeks to recover the function of universal history, which was to place particulars into relation with universals. By the 20 th century universal history was largely discredited because of an idealism that served to lend epistemic coherence to the overwhelming complexity arising from universal history's comprehensive scope. Idealism also attempted to account for history's being "open"-for the human ability to transcend circumstance. The paper attempts to recover these virtues without the idealism by defining universal history not by its scope but rather as a scientific method that provides an understanding of any kind of historical process, be it physical, biological or human. While this method is not new, it is in need of a development that offers a more robust historiography and warrant as a liberating historical consciousness. The first section constructs an ontology of process by defining matter as ontic probabilities rather than as closed entities. This is lent warrant in the next section through an appeal to contemporary physical science. The resulting conceptual frame and method is applied to the physical domain of existents, to the biological domain of social being and finally to the human domain of species being. It is then used to account for the emergence of human history's initial stage-the Archaic Socio-Economic Formation and for history' stadial trajectory-its alternation of evolution and revolution.

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The Octopus Vertical Lobe Modulates Short-Term Learning Rate and Uses LTP to Acquire Long-Term Memory

Cited by 102 publications

References 31 publications

Peripheral injury induces long-term sensitization of defensive responses to visual and tactile stimuli in the squid Loligo pealeii, Lesueur 1821

Peripheral injury induces long-term sensitization of defensive responses to visual and tactile stimuli in the squid Loligo pealeii, Lesueur 1821

Convergent evolution of complex brains and high intelligence

Universal History and the Emergence of Species Being

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