The ocean acidification seascape and its relationship to the performance of calcifying marine invertebrates: Laboratory experiments on the development of urchin larvae framed by environmentally-relevant pCO2/pH

Yu, Pauline C.; Matson, Paul G.; Martz, Todd R.; Hofmann, Gretchen E.

doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2011.02.016

Cited by 107 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Exposure to elevated pCO 2 has been consistently shown to reduce skeletal growth in larval echinoderms [23,[38][39][40][41][42], a finding that we corroborate here. Importantly, our data indicate that this effect was not exacerbated by increases in temperature.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Temperature and CO₂additively regulate physiology, morphology and genomic responses of larval sea urchins,Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

et al. 2013

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Ocean warming and ocean acidification, both consequences of anthropogenic production of CO 2 , will combine to influence the physiological performance of many species in the marine environment. In this study, we used an integrative approach to forecast the impact of future ocean conditions on larval purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) from the northeast Pacific Ocean. In laboratory experiments that simulated ocean warming and ocean acidification, we examined larval development, skeletal growth, metabolism and patterns of gene expression using an orthogonal comparison of two temperature (138C and 188C) and pCO 2 (400 and 1100 matm) conditions. Simultaneous exposure to increased temperature and pCO 2 significantly reduced larval metabolism and triggered a widespread downregulation of histone encoding genes. pCO 2 but not temperature impaired skeletal growth and reduced the expression of a major spicule matrix protein, suggesting that skeletal growth will not be further inhibited by ocean warming. Importantly, shifts in skeletal growth were not associated with developmental delay. Collectively, our results indicate that global change variables will have additive effects that exceed thresholds for optimized physiological performance in this keystone marine species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Temperature and CO₂additively regulate physiology, morphology and genomic responses of larval sea urchins,Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

et al. 2013

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“…Previous ocean-acidification experiments on purple sea urchin and other echinoderm larvae have often found stronger negative effects of CO 2 on growth and development than those documented here (23,24,33,34). The primary difference between our experimental design and previous studies is that our larval cultures were >10 times less dense, reflecting a more ecologically relevant condition (35), with perhaps less laboratory-generated stress.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Purple sea urchins have evolved in the California Current System where coastal taxa are exposed seasonally to higher CO 2 and reduced pH and carbonate ion concentrations. Indeed, during upwelling events, urchin larvae in some regions are likely already exposed to elevated seawater CO 2 levels similar to those used in these experiments (900 μatm pCO 2 ) (14,34,43).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Evolutionary change during experimental ocean acidification

Pespeni

Sanford

Gaylord

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

299

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Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) conditions are driving unprecedented changes in seawater chemistry, resulting in reduced pH and carbonate ion concentrations in the Earth's oceans. This ocean acidification has negative but variable impacts on individual performance in many marine species. However, little is known about the adaptive capacity of species to respond to an acidified ocean, and, as a result, predictions regarding future ecosystem responses remain incomplete. Here we demonstrate that ocean acidification generates striking patterns of genome-wide selection in purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) cultured under different CO 2 levels. We examined genetic change at 19,493 loci in larvae from seven adult populations cultured under realistic future CO 2 levels. Although larval development and morphology showed little response to elevated CO 2 , we found substantial allelic change in 40 functional classes of proteins involving hundreds of loci. Pronounced genetic changes, including excess amino acid replacements, were detected in all populations and occurred in genes for biomineralization, lipid metabolism, and ion homeostasis-gene classes that build skeletons and interact in pH regulation. Such genetic change represents a neglected and important impact of ocean acidification that may influence populations that show few outward signs of response to acidification. Our results demonstrate the capacity for rapid evolution in the face of ocean acidification and show that standing genetic variation could be a reservoir of resilience to climate change in this coastal upwelling ecosystem. However, effective response to strong natural selection demands large population sizes and may be limited in species impacted by other environmental stressors.experimental evolution | population genomics | RNA sequencing | adaptation | environmental mosaic A ccelerating increases in ocean CO 2 concentrations and accompanying declines in pH are expected this century (1, 2), particularly in the California Current System (3). The negative impacts of ocean acidification have been seen in a broad range of species (4-8) and are predicted to lead to future populations of individuals with low growth, reproduction, or survival. However, the capacity of marine populations to adapt to these changes is unknown (9, 10), and, as a result, there may be circumstances in which natural selection could result in populations of individuals with better-than-expected fitness under acidified conditions. Until recently, the tools to scan for standing genetic variation with adaptive potential in the face of climate change have not been broadly available. Here we combine sequencing across the transcriptome of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, growth measurements under experimental acidification, and tests of frequency shifts in 19,493 polymorphisms during development. We detect the widespread occurrence of genetic variation to tolerate ocean acidification.Rapid evolution in changing environments is likely to depend ...

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“…Although it is difficult to pin any one phenotypic element on a single selection factor in the environment (e.g., temperature or pH alone), the importance of the phenotype and tolerance traits has been increasingly recognized as a key mechanism by which a species might respond to environmental change in a number of systems (Buckley and Kingsolver, 2012;Chown, 2012;Chown and Gaston, 2008;Helmuth, 2009). Recently within the OMEGAS research community, functional traits and physiological tolerances have been measured in an environmentally relevant context Kelly et al, 2013;Pespeni et al, 2013a;Yu et al, 2011). The OMEGAS group hypothesized that such phenotypic traits would show variation across space if benthic invertebrates are acclimatized to the local conditions (Chown, 2012) such that they might also contribute to how species respond to environmental change.…”

Section: The Biology: Assessing Physiological Plasticity and Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring local adaptation and the ocean acidification seascape – studies in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem

et al. 2014

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Abstract. The California Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME), a temperate marine region dominated by episodic upwelling, is predicted to experience rapid environmental change in the future due to ocean acidification. The aragonite saturation state within the California Current System is predicted to decrease in the future with near-permanent undersaturation conditions expected by the year 2050. Thus, the CCLME is a critical region to study due to the rapid rate of environmental change that resident organisms will experience and because of the economic and societal value of this coastal region. Recent efforts by a research consortium -the Ocean Margin Ecosystems Group for Acidification Studies (OMEGAS) -has begun to characterize a portion of the CCLME; both describing the spatial mosaic of pH in coastal waters and examining the responses of key calcification-dependent benthic marine organisms to natural variation in pH and to changes in carbonate chemistry that are expected in the coming decades. In this review, we present the OMEGAS strategy of co-locating sensors and oceanographic observations with biological studies on benthic marine invertebrates, specifically measurements of functional traits such as calcification-related processes and genetic variation in populations that are locally adapted to conditions in a particular region of the coast. Highlighted in this contribution are (1) the OMEGAS sensor network that spans the west coast of the US from central Oregon to southern California, (2) initial findings of the carbonate chemistry amongst the OMEGAS study sites, and (3) an overview of the biological data that describes the acclimatization and the adaptation capacity of key benthic marine invertebrates within the CCLME.

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The ocean acidification seascape and its relationship to the performance of calcifying marine invertebrates: Laboratory experiments on the development of urchin larvae framed by environmentally-relevant pCO2/pH

Cited by 107 publications

References 63 publications

Temperature and CO₂additively regulate physiology, morphology and genomic responses of larval sea urchins,Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Temperature and CO₂additively regulate physiology, morphology and genomic responses of larval sea urchins,Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Evolutionary change during experimental ocean acidification

Exploring local adaptation and the ocean acidification seascape – studies in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem

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The ocean acidification seascape and its relationship to the performance of calcifying marine invertebrates: Laboratory experiments on the development of urchin larvae framed by environmentally-relevant pCO2/pH

Cited by 107 publications

References 63 publications

Temperature and CO2additively regulate physiology, morphology and genomic responses of larval sea urchins,Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Temperature and CO2additively regulate physiology, morphology and genomic responses of larval sea urchins,Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Evolutionary change during experimental ocean acidification

Exploring local adaptation and the ocean acidification seascape – studies in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem

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Product

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Temperature and CO₂additively regulate physiology, morphology and genomic responses of larval sea urchins,Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Temperature and CO₂additively regulate physiology, morphology and genomic responses of larval sea urchins,Strongylocentrotus purpuratus