The Occurrence of Triple Catalytic Characteristics of Yeast Lipases and Their Application Prospects in Biodiesel Production from Non-Edible Jatropha curcas Oil in a Solvent-Free System

Low-cost production of cell-bound lipases by pure and co-culture of yeast and bacteria in palm oil mill effluent and the applications in bioremediation and biodiesel synthesis

“…RBM was employed as the selective medium for lipase activity qualitative analysis. BSM + was used to confirm the presence of yeast in the co-culture system by inhibiting the bacterial growth [22,23,60,61].…”

“…Six lipase-producing yeast strains, i.e., Magnusiomyces spicifer AW2, Magnusiomyces capitatus A4C, Saprochaete clavata 17B, Magnusiomyces capitatus 18B, Saprochaete clavata AgB, and Magnusiomyces capitatus 10F, were previously isolated from palm oil mill wastes [22]. In addition, two bacterial strains, i.e., Staphylococcus hominis AUP19 and Staphylococcus epidermidis AZ1B were also isolated from palm oil-contaminated wastes, in which the isolation and identification processes were performed in this research.…”

“…Subsequently, the supernatant was subjected to extracellular lipase (ECL) activity measurement, whereas the cells were harvested for CBL activity assays and CBM determination. The ECL (U/L) and CBL (U/L) were measured using the cupric acetate method, whereas CBM was measured by obtaining the cell pellets (2 mL culture broth was centrifuged at 8,000 × g, 4 °C) and dried at 60 °C until a constant dry cell weight (g/L) was obtained [22]. One yeast strain and one bacterial strain with high CBL activity were selected to analyze survivability and CBL activity of the strains in POME media at different concentrations.…”

“…They are involved in the natural biodegradation of lipid-rich compounds in their habitats through specific metabolic pathways by secreting their extracellular and cell-bound enzymes to convert the lipid to low molecular weight products for growth and development [12][13][14][15]. Several lipase-producing microorganisms, including the genera Yarrowia, Magnusiomyces, Saprochaete, Rhodotorula, Aspergillus, Geotrichum, Candida, Mucor, Rhizopus, Bacillus, Burkholderia, and Staphylococcus, have been extensively studied [9,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. In addition, the microbial cell-bound lipases (CBLs) have high catalytic efficiency, milder operational conditions, high selectivity, moderate and efficient production cost, and easy re-utilization.…”

“…Therefore, applying the cell-bound lipase (CBL) to prevent costly and time-consuming additional enzyme processing is preferred [24][25][26][27]. Besides, few studies have explored that several species such as Yarrowia lipolytica and Magnusiomyces spicifer could produce high CBL activity [9,22]. Many species of Staphylococcus spp.…”