“…Nu mer ous stud ies have inves ti gated the ex tent of heavy metal con tam i na tion in post-mining ar eas world wide (e.g., Razo et al, 2004;Yabe et al, 2010;Li et al, 2014;Shaji et al, 2021;Chen et al, 2022) and in Poland ( Karczewska, 2006;So³ek-Podwika et al, 2016;Lewiñska et al, 2021;Szopka et al, 2021;Ka³aska et al, 2022;Swêd et al, 2022;Derkowska et al, 2023). The Czarnów de pos its have been stud ied in terms of both ore ge ol ogy (e.g., Zimnoch, 1983;Mikulski 2007Mikulski , 2010Mochnacka, 2009), en vi ron men tal concerns (e.g., Karczewska et. al., 2006;Mickiewicz and Marsza³ek, 2016;Dradrach et al, 2020) and most re cently regard ing the geo phys i cal prospection of ore veins (Mikulski and Ostrowski, 2023).…”