The Occurrence of Suids in the Post-Olduvai to Pre-Jaramillo Pleistocene of Europe and Implications for Late Villafranchian Biochronology and Faunal Dynamics

Abstract

It has been proposed that suids were absent from Europe during the post-Olduvai to pre-Jaramillo Early Pleistocene (from less than 1.8 to more than 1.2 Ma) and that their “re-appearance” in the late Early Pleistocene would mark the end of the late Villafranchian and the beginning of the Epivillafranchian. Arguments enumerated in favor of this “suid gap” are the lack of suid remains from extensively sampled fossil localities of this age and the high reproductive potential (r-strategy) of suids, which would translate in a high commonness of their remains in the fossil record. However, here it shown that while suids’ reproductive potential is certainly exceptional within artiodactyls, there is no direct relationship between the reproductive strategy and preservation rate of a taxon in the fossil record. In Early Pleistocene localities of Europe and adjoining areas, where suids are present in a fossil assemblage, they are always rare. In terms of number of occurrences (frequency), suids range from being moderately common (~2.0–1.8 Ma) to moderately rare (~1.1–1.0 Ma). Suid material is also described herein from Peyrolles (Issoire, France; reference locality for MNQ 19), a site dated at 1.47 Ma, providing direct evidence for the presence of suids within the purported “suid gap”. The case of suids underlines an important source of caveat in inferring faunal dynamics of the late Early Pleistocene of western Europe—including the dispersal of hominins—i.e., the unequal geographical distribution of the paleontological sites of post-Olduvai to pre-Jaramillo age. Indeed, Peyrolles is the only large mammal site in western Europe located outside the Iberian and Italian Peninsulas reliably dated around 1.5 Ma. In the post-Olduvai to pre-Jaramillo period, there is a paucity of radiometric estimates (or they have too coarse a resolution) and of paleomagnetic excursions detectable in continental deposits. Basically, for this time span, there is a high dependence on biochronological correlations, although, at the same time, these correlations are less reliable—because these are based on a few sites not covering the entire spectrum of environments present in Europe and the sites are not independently dated with methods that outperform biochronology—than those for other periods.

The late Early Pleistocene site of Fuente Nueva-3 (Guadix-Baza Depression, SE Spain): A hyena latrine developed on a quicksand trap for megaherbivores?

“…This species is rst recorded in association with hominin remains at unit TE9 of Sima del Elefante in the Atapuerca karstic complex, which is dated to 1.22 ± 0.16 Ma on the basis of cosmogenic nuclides (Carbonell et al, 2008), and later in other sites of Jaramillo age like Untermassfeld in Germany, Vallonnet in France, or Vallparadís in Spain (Moullé et al, 2006;Madurell-Malapeira et al, 2010Cherin et al, 2018Cherin et al, , 2020. This proposal, however, has recently been challenged by Iannucci (2024) based on a distal fragment of a left 4th suid metatarsal from a fossil collection of the XIX century. The specimen, which is housed in the Natural History Museum, London (NHMUK PV OR 27621), comes from Peyrolles, a locality of uncertain age of the French Central Massif.…”