The occurrence of some heavy metals in populations of the freshwater mussel Anodonta Anatina (L.) from the river thames

Biomonitoring of Pb and Cd in two impacted watersheds in Southeast Brazil, using the freshwater mussel Anodontites trapesialis (Lamarck, 1819) (Bivalvia : Mycetopodidae) as a biological monitor

“…In addition, Czarnezki (1987) (Czarnezki, 1987;Kraak et al, 1991). However, Pb concentrations found in our basins were not as high as the ones found in more impacted areas such as the Thames River in England (Manly and George, 1977), and some points of the Big River in the U.S. (Czarnezki, 1987) (Table 3).…”

“…They readily accumulate many metals and their body burden seems to reflect mean exposure levels over time (Naimo, 1995). Consequently, such organisms have been largely used in programmes of biological monitoring in either salt water (Farrington, 1983;De Gregori et al, 1994;McConnell and Harrel, 1995;Avelar et al, 2000) or in freshwater (Manly and George, 1977;Foster and Bates, 1978;Millington and Walker, 1983; ) Abaychi and Mustafa, 1988;Hameed and Raj, 1990;Kraak et al, 1991;Camusso et al, 1994;Valdovinos et al, 1998;Villar et al, 1999;Rutzke et al, 2000). The species adopted as a biological monitor in this study (A. trapesialis) has been successfully used by different investigators (Avelar et al, 1991;Roma and Longo, 1991;Lopes et al, 1992) in monitoring programmes on some rivers in São Paulo State.…”

“…This extra organic matter has caused several biogeochemical changes, both in small streams (Daniel et al, 2002;Ometto et al, 2000) and in larger rivers (Krusche et al, 1997;Ballester et al, 1999;Martinelli et al, 1999aMartinelli et al, , 1999b and could be also a source of heavy metals in these water bodies. Although less important, non-point source pollution is also present in such impacted watersheds, mainly in agricultural areas, where the use of fertilizers and agrochemicals also may contribute as sources of heavy metals to the aquatic environment (Manly and George, 1977;Novotny, 1995). Heavy metal surveys in Brazilian impacted watersheds are sparse and mainly concentrated on Rio de Janeiro State (Malm et al, 1988;Torres, 1992;Carvalho et al, 1999;Molisani et al, 1999;Salomão et al, 2001).…”

Histological and ultrastructural studies of larval and juvenile Lampsilis (Bivalvia) from the Upper Mississippi River

“…It is for this reason that adults are frequently used in biomonitoring and bioaccumulation studies. Most bioaccumulation studies have shown the kidney, gills, digestive gland and mantle of adult mussels to have higher concentrations of metal contaminants than either the digestive tract, shell or muscle (Manly and George 1977;Tessier et al 1984;). Hemelraad et al (1986aHemelraad et al ( , 1986bHemelraad et al ( , 1987 detailed cadmium accumulation in freshwater adult mussels.…”

Evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans

“…The principal source of exposure to lead for ducks and other waterfowl is spent lead Manly & George (1977) found lead in the soft tissue of freshwater mussels in the Thames River, with mean concentrations ranging from 9.8-42.5 mg/kg (dry weight). The higher levels were found in mussels taken from urban sites along the river; public sewage effluent, industrial effluent and motor vehicle exhaust were cited as the apparent sources of lead.…”