The occurrence of salmonellas and lactose-negative Arizonas in reptiles in The Netherlands, and a comparison of three enrichment methods used in their isolation

Koopman, J. P.; Janssen, F. G. J.

doi:10.1017/s0022172400022816

Cited by 22 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…isolation was 9%, 14% and 50% respectively, which is lower than published reports. Turtles may have infection rates varying from 12% to 85% (Jackson and Jackson, 1971;Keymer, 1972), snakes may have 16% to 92% infection rates (Iveson et al, 1969;Roggendorf and Muller, 1976) and lizards may have infection rates from 40% to 77% (Iveson et al, 1969;Koopman and Janssen, 1973). The higher frequency of isolation of Salmonella spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrospective and Longitudinal Study of Salmonellosis in Captive Wildlife in Trinidad

Gopee

Adesiyun

Caesar³

2000

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Morbidity and mortality of captive wildlife at the Emperor Valley Zoo, Trinidad from 1993 to 1996 were analysed to determine involvement of Salmonella spp. A 6 mo longitudinal study was conducted to determine the frequency of isolation of Salmonella spp. from apparently healthy, sick and dead wild mammals, birds, and reptiles. The antibiograms of Salmonella isolates were determined using the disc diffusion method. Fecal samples randomly selected from animal enclosures and cloacal swabs of snakes were cultured for Salmonella spp. following enrichment in tetrathionate and selenite cystine broths. For the 1993-96 period, Salmonella spp. was implicated in 17 (12%) of 141 sick or dead animals and the predominant serotype was S. typhimurium. During the 6 mo prospective study in a mean animal population of 1,186, there were 20 (2%) and 14 (1%) animals that were sick and died respectively; Salmonella spp. was implicated in only one mortality. Overall, of 1,012 samples from apparently healthy wildlife cultured, 66 (7%) yielded 24 serotypes of Salmonella. The predominant serotype were S. seigburg (16 isolates), S. gaminara (6 isolates), and S. thompson (6 isolates). None of the samples yielded S. typhimurium. The frequency of isolation of Salmonella spp. in reptiles (14%) was significantly higher than found in either mammals (7%) or birds (3%). Sixty-five (99%) of 66 Salmonella spp. isolates exhibited resistance to one or more of the nine antimicrobial agents tested. Resistance was high to cephalothin (92%), moderate to streptomycin (35%) and tetracycline (29%), but significantly low to gentamicin (2%), chloramphenicol (0%), and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (0%). The prevalence of asymptomatic infections by Salmonella spp. in zoo animals was high and the very high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance could be a problem when treating salmonellosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrospective and Longitudinal Study of Salmonellosis in Captive Wildlife in Trinidad

Gopee

Adesiyun

Caesar³

2000

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…The presence of inoculum strain in fecal pellets was determined on 29 days during the first 79 days postinoculation (days 1 to 16,18,21,24,27,31,34,37,44,51,58,65,72, and 79 postinoculation). Approximately 20 mg of fresh fecal pellets were resuspended in PBS (pH 7.4), and bacteria were enumerated on LB agar plates containing tetracycline (20 g/ml) or tetracycline (20 g/ml) and chloramphenicol (50 g/ml).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The percentage of apparently healthy, cold-blooded vertebrates which harbor Salmonella serotypes ranges from 74 to 94% (20,28,32,34,59), and these bacteria could thus be considered part of the normal intestinal flora (23,48). Salmonella serotypes are also commonly isolated from a fraction (usually Ͻ20%) of warmblooded animal hosts (15,31,49,54).…”

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confidence: 99%

TheshdAGene Is Restricted to Serotypes ofSalmonella entericaSubspecies I and Contributes to Efficient and Prolonged Fecal Shedding

et al. 2000

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Little is known about factors which enable Salmonella serotypes to circulate within populations of livestock and domestic fowl. We have identified a DNA region which is present in Salmonella serotypes commonly isolated from livestock and domestic fowl (S. enterica subspecies I) but absent from reptile-associated Salmonella serotypes (S. bongori and S. enterica subspecies II to VII). This DNA region was cloned from Salmonella serotype Typhimurium and sequence analysis revealed the presence of a 6,105-bp open reading frame, designated shdA, whose product's deduced amino acid sequence displayed homology to that of AIDA-I from diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, MisL of serotype Typhimurium, and IcsA of Shigella flexneri. The shdA gene was located adjacent to xseA at 52 min, in a 30-kb DNA region which is not present in Escherichia coli K-12. A serotype Typhimurium shdA mutant was shed with the feces in reduced numbers and for a shorter period of time compared to its isogenic parent. A possible role for the shdA gene during the expansion in host range of S. enterica subspecies I to include warm-blooded vertebrates is discussed.Salmonella serotypes are a frequent constituent of the intestinal flora of poikilothermic animals. The percentage of apparently healthy, cold-blooded vertebrates which harbor Salmonella serotypes ranges from 74 to 94% (20,28,32,34,59), and these bacteria could thus be considered part of the normal intestinal flora (23,48). Salmonella serotypes are also commonly isolated from a fraction (usually Ͻ20%) of warmblooded animal hosts (15,31,49,54). Although chronic carriers, which appear healthy, are observed within the human population and among warm-blooded animals (22,27,35,40), Salmonella serotypes are commonly associated with illness in these hosts (55). Consequently Salmonella serotypes are regarded as pathogens rather than part of the normal intestinal flora of homeothermic animals.On the basis of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and comparative sequence analysis of orthologous genes, two species, S. enterica and S. bongori, have been assigned to the genus Salmonella (18,46). S. enterica is further subdivided into seven subspecies designated with roman numerals (18, 44). While S. bongori and S. enterica subspecies II, IIIa, IIIb, IV, VI, and VII are mainly associated with cold-blooded vertebrates, members of S. enterica subspecies I are frequently isolated from avian and mammalian hosts (44). For instance, of the 90,201 Salmonella isolates collected between 1977 and 1992 by the German National Reference Center for Enteric Pathogens from humans and warm-blooded animals, 89,798 isolates (99.55%) belonged to S. enterica subspecies I (1). Currently it is not clear which virulence mechanisms are responsible for the apparent adaptation of S. enterica subspecies I to circulation within populations of warm-blooded animals.S. bongori or S. enterica subspecies II to VII are able to infect humans, colonize the intestine and cause disease (1). Human infections with serotypes of S. bongori and S. enterica su...

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“…We have demonstrated this with sewage polluted water (Harvey & Price, 1976). Koopman & Janssen (1973), however, in a study of reptile faeces found no definite preference for an enrichment method by certain serotypes. The enrichment broths used in this paper were tetrathionate incubated at 37 and 43°C and selenite incubated at 37°C only.…”

Section: C3mentioning

confidence: 78%

“…The inoculum size is not stated, but in quantitative estimates of Arizona species in cobras and in a rattle snake, a 1 g quantity of faeces was used. Habermalz & Pietzsch (1973) cultured 0 1-50 g of material depending on the animal type, while Koopman & Janssen (1973) examined 0 1-1 g of faeces. Wells, Clark & Morris (1974) and Siebeling, Neal & Granberry (1975) kept baby turtles in beakers of water and used 1 ml of container water as inoculum.…”

Section: C3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella isolation from reptilian faeces: A discussion of appropriate cultural techniques

Harvey

Price

1983

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYA short study of salmonella isolation from reptile faeces is described. The samples came from the reptile house at the Bristol Zoological Gardens. The wide range of salmonella serotypes present in the material, including representatives of all four subgenera, is noted. The important factors in the technique of isolation are discussed. These are choice of inoculum, enrichment medium, and plating medium, use of multiple subculture and serological isolation. If the number of samples available is scanty, an extended technique will probably yield more information than a simple method.

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The occurrence of salmonellas and lactose-negative Arizonas in reptiles in The Netherlands, and a comparison of three enrichment methods used in their isolation

Cited by 22 publications

References 7 publications

Retrospective and Longitudinal Study of Salmonellosis in Captive Wildlife in Trinidad

Retrospective and Longitudinal Study of Salmonellosis in Captive Wildlife in Trinidad

TheshdAGene Is Restricted to Serotypes ofSalmonella entericaSubspecies I and Contributes to Efficient and Prolonged Fecal Shedding

Salmonella isolation from reptilian faeces: A discussion of appropriate cultural techniques

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