The Occurrence of Infectious Laryngo‐Tracheitis in Fowls in New South Wales

Seddon, H. R.; Hart, L.

doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1935.tb04081.x

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…In multi-aged layer farms, inadequately vaccinated flocks may get exposed to ILTV during the introduction of younger vaccinated flocks into the farm (Hidalgo 2003). The severe epizootic form is characterized by a rapid spread with a high morbidity (90-100%) or variable mortality ranging from 5 to 70% (average of 10-20%) (Hinshaw et al 1931;Seddon and Hart 1935). The mild epizootic form is characterized by low morbidity (<5%) to very low mortality (0.1-2%) (Raggi et al 1961).…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infectious laryngotracheitis: Etiology, epidemiology, pathobiology, and advances in diagnosis and control – a comprehensive review

Gowthaman

Kumar

Koul

et al. 2020

Veterinary Quarterly

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Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease of chicken caused by a Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) belonging to the genus Iltovirus, and subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae within Herpesviridae family. The disease is characterized by conjunctivitis, sinusitis, oculo-nasal discharge, respiratory distress, bloody mucus, swollen orbital sinuses, high morbidity, considerable mortality and decreased egg production. It is well established in highly dense poultry producing areas of the world due to characteristic latency and carrier status of the virus. Co-infections with other respiratory pathogens and environmental factors adversely affect the respiratory system and prolong the course of the disease. Latently infected chickens are the primary source of ILT virus (ILTV) outbreaks irrespective of vaccination. Apart from conventional diagnostic methods including isolation and identification of ILTV, serological detection, advanced biotechnological tools such as PCR, quantitative real-time PCR, next generation sequencing, and others are being used in accurate diagnosis and epidemiological studies of ILTV. Vaccination is followed with the use of conventional vaccines including modified live attenuated ILTV vaccines, and advanced recombinant vector vaccines expressing different ILTV glycoproteins, but still these candidates frequently fail to reduce challenge virus shedding. Some herbal components have proved to be beneficial in reducing the severity of the clinical disease. The present review discusses ILT with respect to its current status, virus characteristics, epidemiology, transmission, pathobiology, and advances in diagnosis, vaccination and control strategies to counter this important disease of poultry.

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Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The incubation period of ILTV varies between 6 and 14 days (Kernohan 1931;Seddon and Hart 1935). Previous experimental studies showed that ILTV shedding started 2 days post-infection and 4 days before the appearance of clinical signs (Davison et al 1989).…”

Section: Clinical Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectious laryngotracheitis: Etiology, epidemiology, pathobiology, and advances in diagnosis and control – a comprehensive review

Gowthaman

Kumar

Koul

et al. 2020

Veterinary Quarterly

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“…Clinical Signs. Clinical signs generally appear 6-12 days following natural exposure (Kernohan, 1931;Seddon & Hart, 1935). Experimental inoculation via the intratracheal route results in a shorter incubation period of 2-4 days (Benton et al, 1958;Jordan, 1963;Seddon & Hart, 1935).…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectious laryngotracheitis: a review

Hidalgo

2003

Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic.

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Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) herpesvirus continues to cause outbreaks of respiratory disease in chickens world-wide. Sporadic cases of ILT occur in all classes of birds, including hobby/show/game chickens, broilers, heavy breeders, and commercial laying hens. These epornitics of ILT tend to occur where there are large populations of naïve, unvaccinated birds, i.e., in concentrated areas of broiler production. ILT virus can be transmitted through (a) chickens with acute upper respiratory tract disease, (b) latently infected "carrier" fowls, and (c) fomites and contaminated persons. Chicken flocks which are endemic infected with ILT virus occur only in some regions of countries or even in particular multiple-age production farms. In these cases modified live vaccines are actually used, even though these biological products, as well as wild ILTV strains, can establish latent infections. In the case of heavy breeders and laying hens, which are typically vaccinated against ILT, sporadic cases are often related to errors in vaccine application and to biosecurity failures

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“…Even though viremia has not yet been described, in vitro experiments indicated that ILTV can infect macrophages, potentially leading to infection of non-respiratory sites [3]. The incubation period following natural infection ranges from 6 to 12 days [4,5], while experimental intratracheal challenge usually results clinical signs within 2 to 4 days [6]. Lifelong latent infections will be established following the acute phase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotyping of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) Isolates from Western Canadian Provinces of Alberta and British Columbia Based on Partial Open Reading Frame (ORF) a and b

Barboza-Solis

Contreras

Palomino-Tapia

et al. 2020

Animals

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Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) causes an acute upper respiratory disease in chickens called infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT). Live attenuated vaccines are effective in disease control; however, they have residual virulence, which makes them able to replicate, cause disease and revert to the original virulent form. Information is scarce on the molecular nature of ILTV that is linked to ILT in Canada. This study aims to determine whether isolates originating from ILT cases in Western Canada are a wild type or vaccine origin. Samples submitted for the diagnosis of ILT between 2009–2018 were obtained from Alberta (AB, n = 46) and British Columbia (BC, n = 9). For genotyping, a Sanger sequencing of open reading frame (ORF) a and b was used. A total of 27 from AB, and 5 from BC samples yielded a fragment of 1751 base pairs (bp). Three of the BC samples classified as group IV (CEO vaccine strains) and 2 as group V (CEO revertant). Of the AB samples, 22 samples clustered with group V, 3 with group VI (wild type), and 2 with group VII, VIII, and IX (wild type). Overall, 17 non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected. Further studies are underway to ascertain the virulence and transmission potential of these isolates.

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The Occurrence of Infectious Laryngo‐Tracheitis in Fowls in New South Wales

Cited by 22 publications

References 1 publication

Infectious laryngotracheitis: Etiology, epidemiology, pathobiology, and advances in diagnosis and control – a comprehensive review

Infectious laryngotracheitis: Etiology, epidemiology, pathobiology, and advances in diagnosis and control – a comprehensive review

Infectious laryngotracheitis: a review

Genotyping of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) Isolates from Western Canadian Provinces of Alberta and British Columbia Based on Partial Open Reading Frame (ORF) a and b

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