The occurrence of<i>Trichinella</i>species in the cougar<i>Puma concolor couguar</i>from the state of Colorado and other regions of North and South America

Reichard, Mason V.; Logan, Ken; Criffield, Marc; Thomas, Jennifer E.; Paritte, Jacqueline M.; Messerly, D.M.; Interisano, Maria; Marucci, Gianluca; Pozio, Edoardo

doi:10.1017/s0022149x16000262

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Geographic locations of this and previously published reports of Trichinella pseudospiralis confirmed by multiplex PCR in North America (Lindsay et al, 1995., Gamble et al, 2005; Gajadhar and Forbes, 2010; Reichard et al, 2015, 2017). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…Reports of T. pseudospiralis in harvested wild animals from North America indicate that this zoonotic species is circulating and poses a potential risk to public health. Human outbreaks in North America have not been attributed to T. pseudospiralis ; however, definitive identification is rarely performed on human isolates (Dalcin et al, 2017; Gamble et al, 2005; Houze et al, 2009; McIntyre et al, 2007; Reichard et al, 2017; Serhir et al, 2001). Wolverines are not harvested for food but rather for fur; thus, the presence of T. pseudospiralis in this carnivore does not raise immediate public health concerns.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trichinella pseudospiralis in a wolverine (Gulo gulo) from the Canadian North

Sharma

Thompson

Elkin

et al. 2019

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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Species of Trichinella are a globally distributed assemblage of nematodes, often with distinct host ranges, which include people, domestic, and wild animals. Trichinella spp. are important in northern Canada, where dietary habits of people and methods of meat preparation (drying, smoking, fermenting as well as raw) increase the risk posed by these foodborne zoonotic parasites. Outbreaks in the arctic and subarctic regions of Canada and the United States are generally attributed to T. nativa (T2) or the T6 genotype, when genetic characterization is performed. We report the discovery of Trichinella pseudospiralis (T4), a non-encapsulated species, in a wolverine ( Gulo gulo ) from the Northwest Territories of Canada. This parasite has been previously reported elsewhere from both mammals and carnivorous birds, but our findings represent new host and geographic records for T. pseudospiralis . Multiplex PCR and sequencing of fragments of Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) and D3 rDNA confirmed the identification. Phylogenetically, Canadian isolates linked with each other and others derived from Palearctic or Neotropical regions, but not elsewhere in the Nearctic (continental USA). We suggest that migratory birds might have played a role in the dispersal of this pathogen 1000's of km to northwestern Canada. Wolverines are not typically consumed by humans, and thus should not pose a direct food safety risk for trichinellosis. However, the current finding suggests that they may serve as an indicator of a broader distribution for T. pseudospiralis . Along with infection risk already recognized for T. nativa and Trichinella T6, our observations emphasize the need for further studies using molecular diagnostics and alternative methods to clarify if this is a solitary case, or if T. pseudospiralis and other freeze susceptible species of Trichinella (such as T. spiralis ) circulate more broadly in wildlife in Canada, and elsewhere.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichinella pseudospiralis in a wolverine (Gulo gulo) from the Canadian North

Sharma

Thompson

Elkin

et al. 2019

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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“… Puma concolor , Colorado, USA, Reichard et al . (2016). Puma concolor , Vancouver, Canada, Gajadhar & Forbes (2010).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Puma concolor , British Columbia, Canada, Schmitt et al (1976) Puma concolor , Colorado, USA, Reichard et al . (2016). Puma concolor , Florida, USA, Reichard et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Updated checklist of helminths found in terrestrial mammals of Argentine Patagonia

Fugassa

2020

J. Helminthol.

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Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the state of knowledge about the helminthology of wild mammals in Argentine Patagonia and its link with the conservation of parasite species and biodiversity. To this end, the information included in the previously reported checklist of the helminths found in terrestrial wild mammals of Argentine Patagonia was completed and updated. The methodology used for the search was the same as that previously used, with slight modifications. Eighty-two species of mammals currently inhabit the region, and an additional six species are considered to have become extinct before the 20th century. The reports used to complete and update the information correspond to research done since 2015 to date. Considering the number of records analysed in the previously reported checklist and those of the current update, a total of 1918 helminthological reports for current Patagonian mammals and 2141 on mammal species that inhabited Patagonia before the 20th century were accounted for. It is important to point out that 41% of the 82 species of wild mammals currently inhabiting Patagonia have not been studied helminthologically; 38% of these without helminthological records are either threatened or do not have categorization, and 79% of mammals without helminthological studies have some degree of endemism. Therefore, in order to evaluate conservation priorities, the information about the parasitic richness in Patagonian wild mammals should be substantially increased, especially in those endangered or endemic.

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“…The novel qPCR assay does not detect T. pseudospiralis , which is known to be present in North America, and has been reported from several animals, including cougars ( Puma concolor cougar ), 25 Florida panthers ( Puma concolor coryi ) 26 and wild boar. 27 To date, while no human cases associated with this species have occurred on this continent, both sporadic cases of infection and outbreaks of trichinellosis due to T. pseudospiralis have occurred elsewhere.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Multiplex TaqMan qPCR assay for specific identification of encapsulated Trichinella species prevalent in North America

Almeida

Bishop

Nascimento

et al. 2018

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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BACKGROUND Human trichinellosis is a foodborne parasitic zoonotic disease caused by ingestion of raw or undercooked meat infected with nematode larvae of the genus Trichinella. In the USA, sporadic cases and outbreaks caused by the consumption of wild game meat infected with Trichinella have been reported. The current methods for diagnosis such as serology and microscopy are not specific, may result in false negative results, and cannot differentiate encapsulated Trichinella larvae to species level. The molecular protocols currently available for the differentiation of all encapsulate Trichinella species prevalent in North America have some limitations such as the inability to identify and resolve the presence of several Trichinella species in a single test. OBJECTIVES/METHODS In this study we developed and evaluated a multiplex TaqMan quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay, which can simultaneously detect, identify and differentiate all species of encapsulated Trichinella occurring in North America i.e., T. nativa, T. spiralis, T. murrelli and Trichinella T6, even in cases of multiple infection in a single sample. We investigated two human biopsies and 35 wild animal meat samples considered as having a high likelihood of harboring Trichinella larvae obtained from the United States during 2009-2017. FINDINGS Using the multiplex assay describe here, 22 (59%) samples that tested positive contained Trichinella spp., were identified as: T. nativa (n = 7, including a human biopsy), T. spiralis (n = 9, including a human biopsy), T. murrelli (n = 3), Trichinella T6 (n = 1). Results also included two rare mixed infection cases in bears, a T. nativa/T. spiralis from Alaska and a T. spiralis/Trichinella T6 from California. The species identifications were confirmed using a conventional PCR targeting the rRNA ITS1-ITS2 region, followed by DNA sequencing analysis. The estimated limit of detection (LOD) was approximately seven larvae per gram of meat. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Differentiation of Trichinella spp. is needed to improve efforts on identification of case, optimize food safety control and better understand the geographic distribution of Trichinella species. The Trichinella qPCR multiplex proved to be a robust, easy to perform assay and is presented as an improved technique for identification of all known encapsulated species occurring in North America continent.

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The occurrence ofTrichinellaspecies in the cougarPuma concolor couguarfrom the state of Colorado and other regions of North and South America

Cited by 13 publications

References 25 publications

Trichinella pseudospiralis in a wolverine (Gulo gulo) from the Canadian North

Trichinella pseudospiralis in a wolverine (Gulo gulo) from the Canadian North

Updated checklist of helminths found in terrestrial mammals of Argentine Patagonia

Multiplex TaqMan qPCR assay for specific identification of encapsulated Trichinella species prevalent in North America

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