The occurrence of glycollic acid in natural waters

Fogg, G. E.; Eagle, D. J.; Kinson, Margaret E.

doi:10.1080/03680770.1968.11895875

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The standard deviation in these estimations was about 9 fig 1~* so that the main differences are statistically significant. Our results are in good agreement with those of Shah & Wright (1974) Fogg, Burton & Coughlan (1975) found concentrations between o and 40 fig I" 1 in Antarctic waters. All our samples were taken from the surface.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Seasonal variations in phytoplankton and glycollate concentrations in the Menai Straits, Anglesey

Hasan-Al¹,

Coughlan²,

Fogg³

1975

J. Mar. Biol. Ass.

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During the year 1973-74 samples of sea water were collected fortnightly from the Menai Straits. Glycollate and pigment concentrations were estimated and counts made of the predominating phytoplankton species. Over a shorter period, primary productivity and total extracellular products of photosynthesis were estimated by the radiocarbon method. The variation in glycollate level was in the range 0-60 /ig l~1. Statistically significant correlations between glycollate concentrations and chlorophyll a, total pigments and percentage extracellular release were found but there was no significant correlation with numbers of any one phytoplankton species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Seasonal variations in phytoplankton and glycollate concentrations in the Menai Straits, Anglesey

Hasan-Al¹,

Coughlan²,

Fogg³

1975

J. Mar. Biol. Ass.

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“…The glycolate affinity of C. reinhardtii at this stage of the life cycle is observed here to be higher without a significant increase in the rate of uptake. The highest concentration of glycolate observed in natural waters is approximately 1 ,UM (10). Therefore, affinity of these cells for glycolate is still at least several orders of magnitude too low to support growth in natural environments.…”

Section: Discussion the Results Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limitations on the Utilization of Glycolate by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Spencer

Togasaki²

1981

Plant Physiol.

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Growth and shorter term incorporation measurements with both wild type Chiamydomonas reinWii and a mutant (F-60, lacking Recent gas exchange measurements with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and other green algae (3, 5, 13) have indicated very low levels of photorespiration, thereby changing the perception of the role of glycolate in these organisms. An inducible mechanism for concentrating CO2 internally has been characterized (2). A high intracellular CO2 concentration enables the algal cell to avoid glycolate formation and photorespiratory gas exchange. This mechanism provides a good explanation for many of the well known changes in measurements of whole cell glycolate release; prominent glycolate excretion is seen only in cells grown with elevated levels of CO2 when there is little internal concentrating of CO2. The likelihood of variable glycolate formation and the observations of glycolate excretion by the cell raise questions about the maximum capacity and the variability of glycolate utilization.The very existence of glycolate excretion suggests that turnover is at times limited. However, radioisotopic and enzymic analyses have indicated that the potential for carbon flow through the glycolate pathway of higher plants exists in including the present study, has noted the limitations of such utilization by green algae (23).Before the awareness of active CO2 concentration it was concluded that differences in metabolism were responsible for changes in the excretion of glycolate. A decrease in the activity of the enzyme responsible for its initial oxidation, glycolate dehydrogenase, that corresponded with the increased excretion following growth on high levels of CO2 corroborated this notion (17). However, this correlation has been shown to break down in Chlorella pyrenoidosa (7) and Euglena (6) as well as in the following results with Chlamydomonas. In addition, the control of the glycolate balance by permeability and the availability of counterions was suggested in early work by Tolbert and Zill (24) and has been recently carefully examined in Scenedesmus by Findenegg (9). The latter study concluded that permeability can be the primary controlling factor in the uptake and release of glycolate.In this report the potential for utilization of internal glycolate is estimated by several methods. At a low pH, the permeability barrier of glycolate into the cell is relieved. The effects of various growth conditions are determined. Incorporation studies with the F-60 mutant are particularly important in measuring true heterotrophic glycolate utilization. Because of its phosphoribulokinase lesion, this mutant can produce little glycolate. The effects of the metabolic inhibitor isonicotinyl hydrazide are also measured. MATERIALS AND METHODSCell Culture. The MM3 of Sueoka (21) was used with the following modifications: 15 mm potassium acetate was added to make MA; 15 mm potassium glycolate was added to make MG; 10 mm glycylglycine buffer (pH 3.8) was added to medium which contained only one-sixth of the phosphate...

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“…Less productive areas have not yet been investigated from this point of view. Glycollic acid, which is an important component of the material released, has been detected in concentrations up to 15 pg l-1 in a few seawater samples from south of the Convergence (Fogg et al 1975). This may be compared with concentrations of up to 78 pg l-1 found in more extensive series of analyses of temperate waters.…”

Section: Eterminations Of Primary Productivity (A) In the Sea Planktonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aquatic primary production in the Antarctic

Fogg

1977

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

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A review is presented of studies, including recent work by members of the British Antarctic Survey, on the primary productivity of plankton, ice-flora and benthos in both marine and freshwater habitats in the Antarctic. Those members of the flora so far studied have low compensation points enabling slow growth in low light intensities but otherwise show no apparent adaptation to temperatures around freezing point. Certain sea areas, mostly inshore, have dense standing crops with daily and annual productivities as high as those of productive areas elsewhere in the oceans but in the open Southern Ocean productivity seems generally low even although nutrient concentrations are high, probably because of excessive turbulence carrying plankton out of the photic zone. There is as yet insufficient data to show whether, as a whole, the photosynthetic efficiency of the Southern Ocean is greater or less than that of other sea areas. Antarctic algae liberate extracellular products of photosynthesis but there is no definite evidence that these are reassimilated to support growth when light intensities are low and it may be that this material, carried by currents, supports heterotrophic production in other parts of the ocean. Comparison of data for adjacent marine and freshwater systems shows that their rates of primary production are much the same but the marine phytoplankton shows characteristics of shade-adapted cells consistent with the greater turbulence to which it is exposed.

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The occurrence of glycollic acid in natural waters

Cited by 8 publications

References 15 publications

Seasonal variations in phytoplankton and glycollate concentrations in the Menai Straits, Anglesey

Seasonal variations in phytoplankton and glycollate concentrations in the Menai Straits, Anglesey

Limitations on the Utilization of Glycolate by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Aquatic primary production in the Antarctic

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