The occurrence of cobalt and implications for genesis of the Pusangguo cobalt-rich skarn deposit in Gangdese, Tibet

Wang, Shuo; Shan, PengFei; Li, Guangming; Silang, Wangdui; Shan, Pengfei; Qin, Kezhang

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.105193

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Isotope data for sulfur (δ 34 S −0.1 to −6.8 ‰), hydrogen (δD H 2 O −91 to −159 ‰), and oxygen (δ 18 O H 2 O 1.5 to 9.2 ‰) further support an interpretation in which the Zhibula mineralization is related to magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. Fluid inclusion data confirm that ore-forming fluids changed from relatively high temperature and high salinity to low temperature, moderate salinity during transition from the prograde to retrograde stage [22].…”

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…Porphyry Cu-Mo and Cu-Au deposits and associated skarns formed during this age range are the most economically significant types of mineralization. Until recently, there had been little detailed study of these deposits with respect to the distribution and ore mineralogy of minor components such as Co, Se, Bi, and Te [17,18]. This is despite the significance of such elements for interpretation of deposits related to magmatic-hydrothermal events.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Constraints on Ore Genesis from Trace Ore Mineralogy: A New Occurrence of Kupčíkite and Paděraite from the Zhibula Cu Skarn Deposit, Southern Tibet

Xu,

Ciobanu,

Cook

et al. 2024

Minerals

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Mineral assemblages containing Cu-Bi sulfosalts, Bi chalcogenides, and Ag-(Au) tellurides have been identified in the mid-Miocene Zhibula Cu skarn deposit, Gangdese Belt, southern Tibet. Different mineral assemblages from three locations in the deposit, including proximal massive garnet skarn, proximal retrogressed pyroxene-dominant skarn in contact with marble, and distal banded garnet–pyroxene skarn hosted in marble, are studied to constrain the evolution of the mineralization. Hypogene bornite contains elevated Bi (mean 6.73 wt.%) and co-exists in proximal andradite skarn with a second bornite with far lower Bi content, carrollite, Au-Ag tellurides (hessite, petzite), and wittichenite. This assemblage indicates formation at relatively high temperatures (>400 °C) and high fS2 and fTe2 during prograde-stage mineralization. Assemblages of Bi sulfosalts (wittichenite, aikinite, kupčíkite, and paděraite) and bismuth chalcogenides (e.g., tetradymite) in proximal pyroxene skarn are also indicative of formation at relatively high temperatures, but at relatively lower fTe2 and fS2 conditions. Within the reduced distal skarn (chalcopyrite–pyrrhotite-bearing) in marble, cobalt, and nickel occur as discrete minerals: cobaltite, melonite and cobaltic pentlandite. The trace ore mineral signature of the Zhibula skarn and the distributions of precious and critical trace elements such as Ag, Au, Co, Te, Se, and Bi support an evolving magmatic–hydrothermal system in which different parts of the deposit each define ore formation at distinct local physicochemical conditions. This is the first report of kupčíkite and paděraite from a Chinese location. Their compositions are comparable to other occurrences, but conspicuously, they do not form nanoscale intergrowths with one another.

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Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constraints on Ore Genesis from Trace Ore Mineralogy: A New Occurrence of Kupčíkite and Paděraite from the Zhibula Cu Skarn Deposit, Southern Tibet

Xu,

Ciobanu,

Cook

et al. 2024

Minerals

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“…The main sulfides are chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrite, and galena, with minor amounts of bornite and aikinite (2PbS•Cu 2 S•Bi 2 S 3 ). The Co-bearing minerals are mostly composed of three independent cobalt minerals, including cobaltite (CoAsS), carrollite (Cu(Co,Ni) 2 S 4 ), and linnaeite (Co 3 S 4 ) [12]. The gangue minerals are mainly garnet, diopside, epidote, actinolite, and quartz, with minor amounts of hornblende, chlorite, and calcite (Figure 5).…”

Section: Deposit Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Fe-Cu-Zn sulfide substage is dominated by chalcopyrite, sphalerite (SpI), pyrite (PyII), and quartz, with minor amounts of carrollite. The carrollite occurs before, or is coeval with, the chalcopyrite [12]. The PyII grains are usually subhedral aggregates, and are replaced by chalcopyrite (Figure 5g).…”

Section: Deposit Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Pusangguo deposit is the first cobalt-rich Cu-Pb-Zn skarn deposit discovered in the GMB, and has metal resources of 1.42 Mt Cu at 1.42%, 0.08 Mt Pb at 1.01%, 0.14 Mt Zn at 1.82%, and 285.8 t Co at 140 g/t Co [4]. Previous studies have mainly focused on the geological characteristics [5,6], diagenetic and metallogenic geochronology [7][8][9], isotopic geochemistry [10], mineralogy and cobalt occurrence [11,12], and ore-forming fluids [13,14]. However, the trace and minor element geochemistry of sphalerite and pyrite in the Pusangguo has not been studied, which may give better insights into the physicochemical conditions of ore mineralization, and improve our understanding of ore formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sphalerite and Pyrite Geochemistry from the Pusangguo Co-Rich Cu–Zn–Pb Skarn Deposit, Tibet: Implications for Element Occurrence and Mineralization

Li,

Tan,

Zhao

et al. 2023

Minerals

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The Pusangguo deposit (1.42 Mt @ 1.42% Cu, 0.14 Mt @ 1.82% Zn, 0.08 Mt @ 1.01% Pb, and 285.8 t Co @ 140 g/t Co) is the first Co-rich Cu-Zn-Pb skarn deposit discovered in the Gangdese metallogenic belt. However, the trace and minor element geochemistry of the sulfides in this deposit has not been studied, limiting further understanding of elements’ occurrence and mineralization. Here, we identified four ore stages, and two types of sphalerites (SpI and SpII) and pyrites (PyI and PyII), in this deposit. In this study, LA-ICP-MS in-situ trace element analyses were conducted on sphalerite and pyrite, to obtain their chemical compositions, elemental substitution mechanisms, and mineralization physicochemical conditions. The results indicate that two types of sphalerites are generally more enriched with Co than pyrite. SpI has higher concentrations of Co, Cr, Cu, Ag, and As compared to SpII. Both types of sphalerite have very low contents of Sn, Ge, and Ga. PyII has higher contents of most trace elements, such as Co, Ni, Mn, Zn, Cu, As, Sn, Se, Pb, Ag, and Bi, compared to PyI. Both types of pyrite are poor in Mn, Ga, Ge, and Cd, but enriched in As, Co, and Ni. The Mn, Fe, Co, and Cd in sphalerite, and Co, Ni, and Mn in pyrite are generally lattice-bound, while Cu, As, Ag, and Sb are usually present in both micro-inclusions and coupled substitution. Significant elemental correlations in sphalerite indicate the possible substitution mechanisms 2Fe2+ + Ga2+ ↔ 3Zn2+, 2Fe2+ + Ge4+ ↔ 4Zn2+, and (Sb3+, Sn3+) + (Cu+, Ag+) ↔ 2Zn2+. The correlation trends between trace elements in pyrite suggest the coupled substitution mechanisms of (Tl+ + Cu+ + Ag+) + (As3+ + Sb3+) ↔ 2Zn2+ and As3+ + Cu+ ↔ 2Zn2+. The mineralization temperature at Pusangguo, as determined by the GGIMFis sphalerite geothermometer, is 237–345 °C (avg. 307 °C), consistent with the high Zn/Cd ratio (avg. 203), low Ga/In (avg. 0.06), and high In/Ge (avg. 15.9) in sphalerite, and high Co/Ni ratio (avg. 24) in pyrite. These results indicate that the ore-forming fluid was high-temperature, with a low sulfur fugacity (fS2) (10−13.4 to 10−8.3) and low oxygen fugacity (fO2). The high temperature, and low sulfur fugacity and oxygen fugacity of the ore-forming fluid, and the fluid-mixing process, jointly controlled the sulfide precipitation, which caused the formation of the Pusangguo deposit.

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Occurrence characteristics and enrichment mechanism of cobalt in pyrite from the Han‐Xing type skarn iron deposit using laser‐ablation inductively‐coupled‐plasma mass‐spectrometry elemental mapping, Taihang Mountain, China

Qin,

Zhang,

Alam

et al. 2024

Geological Journal

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Cobalt is a critical and strategic metal mainly found as associated element in several types of deposits, of which skarn‐type deposits are the major sources. Han‐Xing type skarn iron deposit, having high grade iron ore and associated cobalt, is a typical skarn‐type iron ore in China. But the complete recovery and exploitation of cobalt are restricted because of the lower grade of related cobalt and the dearth of prior research on its occurrence condition and enrichment mechanism. In this paper, pyrite from five typical ore deposits in the Han‐Xing area was studied by using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and laser‐ablation inductively‐coupled‐plasma mass‐spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) techniques to decipher the occurrence state and enrichment mechanism of associated cobalt in skarn‐type iron deposits. The results show that Co2+ replaces Fe2+ in pyrite through isomorphism. The distribution of cobalt in pyrite from different deposits varies greatly, that is, in the Xishimen iron deposit, the cobalt content is comparatively enriched in the pyrite's core. In contrast, in other deposits, the cobalt content is concentrated in the pyrite's rims, where it can be up to 1000 times higher than in the core. The cobalt mineralization in Han‐Xing area can be divided into several stages. The sulphur element of sulphide is mainly derived from evaporite, while cobalt mineralization occurred in the early stage with pyrite formation or in the late stage by metasomatism/cementation of Co‐rich ore‐forming fluid. The magma assimilated with the Ordovician evaporite not only promoted iron mineralization, but also became the main controlling factor for cobalt enrichment.

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The occurrence of cobalt and implications for genesis of the Pusangguo cobalt-rich skarn deposit in Gangdese, Tibet

Cited by 12 publications

References 18 publications

Constraints on Ore Genesis from Trace Ore Mineralogy: A New Occurrence of Kupčíkite and Paděraite from the Zhibula Cu Skarn Deposit, Southern Tibet

Constraints on Ore Genesis from Trace Ore Mineralogy: A New Occurrence of Kupčíkite and Paděraite from the Zhibula Cu Skarn Deposit, Southern Tibet

Sphalerite and Pyrite Geochemistry from the Pusangguo Co-Rich Cu–Zn–Pb Skarn Deposit, Tibet: Implications for Element Occurrence and Mineralization

Occurrence characteristics and enrichment mechanism of cobalt in pyrite from the Han‐Xing type skarn iron deposit using laser‐ablation inductively‐coupled‐plasma mass‐spectrometry elemental mapping, Taihang Mountain, China

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