The Occurrence of Choline Esters in the Honey-Bee.

Augustinsson, Klas‐Bertil; Grahn, Margareta

doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1954.tb01165.x

Cited by 29 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Marquardt & Vogg (1952) introduced Kalignost as a precipitating agent for choline derivatives. It was later used by several workers to isolate choline derivatives from different tissues (Fiedler, Hildebrand & Neu, 1953;Augustinsson & Grahn, 1954;Kewitz, 1959).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A radiochemical method for the estimation of choline acetyltransferase

Fonnum¹

1966

Biochemical Journal

107

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1. A radiochemical method for the estimation of choline acetyltransferase (choline acetylase) has been devised which involves the formation of labelled acetylcholine from labelled acetate. 2. [1-(14)C]Acetate and coenzyme A are pre-incubated in the presence of non-rate-limiting concentrations of acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase to give [1-(14)C]acetyl-coenzyme A, which then reacts with choline in the presence of the acetyltransferase to give [(14)C]acetylcholine. 3. Any [(14)C]-acetyl-coenzyme A remaining at the end of the reaction is destroyed by the addition of excess of hydroxylamine, and [(14)C]acetylcholine is freed from other labelled compounds by precipitation with sodium tetraphenylborate (Kalignost). 4. The washed precipitate is dissolved in acetonitrile-benzyl alcohol and estimated by scintillation counting. 5. Advantages over other methods are discussed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A radiochemical method for the estimation of choline acetyltransferase

Fonnum¹

1966

Biochemical Journal

107

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“…Further evidence for the identity of this substance has recently been obtained with several insects. Chromatographic and other chemical methods have been used to demonstrate the presence of ACh in Lucilia sericata (Lewis, 1953), Apis melliphora (Augustinsson & Grahn, 1954), Musca domestica (Chefurka & Smailman, 1955;Winteringham & Harrison, 1956) and in Calliphora erythrocephala (Fowler, personal communication). The active substance in the nerve cord of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, has been shown by Tobias, Koliros & Savit (1946) to resemble ACh in the following respects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The estimation of acetylcholine in insects

Lewis¹,

Smallman²

1956

The Journal of Physiology

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Estimates of the acetylcholine content of insects are notable for two reasons. The values for different species vary over an extraordinarily wide range; and they are generally much higher than those for vertebrate tissues. For instance, Corteggiani & Serfaty (1939) determined the acetylcholine content of insects from several genera, and reported values ranging from 3-5 to 55,tg/g for heads, and from 65 to 200 jg/g for nerve tissue. In contrast, Prosser (1946) cites values of 0*4-3-8 ,tg/g for the brain of the dog and cat, and the highest value cited is 25,ug/g for the cat sympathetic ganglia. Previous estimates of the acetylcholine content of insects were obtained using methods developed forvertebrate tissues, and without examining the validity of these methods when applied to insects, in which, for instance, the cholinesterase activity may be much greater (Richards & Cutkomp, 1945). Inthis studywe have made a critical examination of methods forthe estimation of acetylcholine in insects, and have applied our findings to the determination of the acetylcholine content of insects from a number of species. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe insects were obtained from stock laboratory cultures maintained under the following conditions:Blowflies (Calliphora erythrocephala, Lucilia sericata) were reared at 250 C and 75-80% relative humidity. The breeding cultures were supplied with ox liver, sucrose and water, and the larvae were reared to pupation on fresh ox liver. The adults to be used in the experiments were supplied with sucrose and water only.Houe-flies (Musca domestica) were reared at 250 C and 70-80% relative humidity. The larvae were reared on a mixture of toppings, grassmeal, yeast, 'Stortex' and water. Test adults were maintained on a diet of 35% milk.Cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) were reared at 270 C and 40 % relative humidity, and maintained on a diet of rolled oats, toppings, fishmeal and yeast.Tenebrio molitor adults were reared at 250 C and 70% relative humidity, and maintained on a diet of rolled oats, toppings and yeast.

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“…The solution was evaporated at a temperature not exceeding 400 C. The isolation of tissue bases followed the description by Kapfhammer & Bischoff (1931) with slight modifications. The reineekates were dissolved in aqueous acetone (pH 4) and converted to chlorides (Augustinsson & Grahn, 1954), the solutions of which were used for paper chromatography.…”

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confidence: 99%