The Occurrence, Fate and Biological Activities of<i>C</i>-glycosyl Flavonoids in the Human Diet

Courts, Fraser L.; Williamson, Gary

doi:10.1080/10408398.2012.694497

Cited by 75 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…Moreover, the economical value of C -glycosylated flavonoids is in the rise, as organic chemists are increasingly using these compounds as scaffolds for the generation of bioactive compounds because of their high biological activity potential (Talhi and Silva, 2012). However, it is not known to what extent C -glycosylflavones will be absorbed by the digestive system, or to what level gut microorganisms are able to process these compounds (Courts and Williamson, 2013). In contrast, O -glycosylflavones are readily processed by the gut microbiota and are capable of releasing the respective aglycones (Courts and Williamson, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it is not known to what extent C -glycosylflavones will be absorbed by the digestive system, or to what level gut microorganisms are able to process these compounds (Courts and Williamson, 2013). In contrast, O -glycosylflavones are readily processed by the gut microbiota and are capable of releasing the respective aglycones (Courts and Williamson, 2013). In addition, during food processing, particularly when using combinations of whole foods rich in glycosidases, an abundant release of the aglycones is observed (Figure 5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flavone-rich maize: an opportunity to improve the nutritional value of an important commodity crop

et al. 2014

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Agricultural outputs have resulted in food production continuously expanding. To satisfy the needs of a fast growing human population, higher yields, more efficient food processing, and food esthetic value, new crop varieties with higher caloric intake have and continue to be developed, but which lack many phytochemicals important for plant protection and adequate human nutrition. The increasing incidence of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, combined with social disparity worldwide prompted the interest in developing enhanced crops that can simultaneously address the two sides of the current malnutrition sword, increasing yield while providing added nutritional value. Flavones, phytochemicals associated with the beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet, have potent anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic activities. However, many Mediterranean diet-associated vegetables are inaccessible, or lowly consumed, in many parts of the world. Maize is the most widely grown cereal crop, yet most lines used for hybrid maize production lack flavones. As a first step toward a sustainable strategy to increasing the nutritional value of maize-based diets, we investigated the accumulation and chemical properties of flavones in maize seeds of defined genotypes. We show that the pericarps of the P1-rr genotype accumulate flavones at levels comparable to those present in some flavone-rich vegetables, and are mostly present in their C- and O-glycosylated forms. Some of these glycosides can be readily converted into the corresponding more active health beneficial aglycones during food processing. Our results provide evidence that nutritionally beneficial flavones could be re-introduced into elite lines to increase the dietary benefits of maize.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flavone-rich maize: an opportunity to improve the nutritional value of an important commodity crop

et al. 2014

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“…Similarly, Courts & Williamson recently reported that flavones C-glycosides (e.g. vitexin, isoorientin and mangiferin) are promptly metabolized by gut microbiota and enterocytes enzymes [45].This may explain the very low bioavailability of luteolin aglycone herein found. The pharmacokinetic analysis herein performed in plasma, liver and kidney showed that the compounds present in CcI [4,6,11,14,15] are not abundant in plasma, liver or kidneys after a 68.24 mg/kg single-dose oral administration of the extract.…”

Section: Pharmacokinetics Of Cymbopogon Citratus Infusion In Rats Aftmentioning

confidence: 60%

Pharmacokinetics of Cymbopogon Citratus Infusion in Rats after Single Oral Dose Administration

Costa¹,

Fortuna²,

Gonçalves³

et al. 2017

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Cymbopogon citratus, commonly known as lemongrass, is a tropical herb used in worldwide traditional medicine for centuries. Studies previously conducted by our team demonstrated its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and recently, the antiinflammatory potential was also observed in vivo. However, little is known about its pharmacokinetics. The current study aimed at obtaining, for the first time, the pharmacokinetic profile of lemongrass infusion after a single dose oral administration to rats.All in vivo experimental procedures were approved by the Portuguese Veterinary General Division. Male Wistar rats were administered with a single oral dose of lemongrass infusion (68.24 mg/kg) and aliquots of plasma were collected at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h post-dosing. Liver and kidney samples were collected at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h post-dosing. Plasma and tissues homogenates were processed and luteolin (LUT), luteolin 7-O-glucuronide (L7G), chrysoeriol (CHR), diosmetin (DIO) and luteolin 3'-O-sulphate (L3'S) were quantified employing a RP-HPLC-DAD method. The mean concentration-time profiles obtained were analyzed by a noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis using the WinNonlin ® .The pharmacokinetic studies revealed the presence of LUT, L7G, CHR, DIO and L3'S. L7G and L3'S were rapidly detected, with maximum plasma concentrations at 30 min after oral administrations. The concentration-time profile of liver samples evidenced compounds undetected in plasma: LUT, CHR and DIO. L7G, CHR and L3'S were detected in the liver from the first hour and stayed in the tissue until at least 24h.The kidney concentration-time profile revealed the presence of the same compounds detected in plasma.The pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the compounds present in lemongrass infusion are not present in plasma, liver or kidneys. On the other hand, L7G and L3'S were the major metabolites found in plasma and tissues, suggesting that lemongrass polyphenols are promptly metabolized in vivo and their metabolites may be the ones responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of C. citratus, when orally administered.

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“…This is not surprising as the fermentation process is known to reduce their content in rooibos [81, 110]. Despite C -glycosides having very low bioavailability due to the inability of intestinal enzymes to hydrolyze the C-C bond linking the sugar moiety to the aglycone and thus influencing their absorption process [111], aspalathin has been reported in the plasma of subjects who consumed 500 mL of green rooibos infusion, containing 287 mg aspalathin [112]. However, generally as reported for other dihydrochalcones [113, 114], the human gut microbiota can possibly enhance the absorption of aspalathin and nothofagin in the small intestine by splitting off the aglycone from the glucose moiety [115].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and heart disease-cardioprotective effects of rooibos flavonoids and phenylpyruvic acid-2-O-β-D-glucoside

et al. 2017

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Diabetic patients are at an increased risk of developing heart failure when compared to their non-diabetic counter parts. Accumulative evidence suggests chronic hyperglycemia to be central in the development of myocardial infarction in these patients. At present, there are limited therapies aimed at specifically protecting the diabetic heart at risk from hyperglycemia-induced injury. Oxidative stress, through over production of free radical species, has been hypothesized to alter mitochondrial function and abnormally augment the activity of the NADPH oxidase enzyme system resulting in accelerated myocardial injury within a diabetic state. This has led to a dramatic increase in the exploration of plant-derived materials known to possess antioxidative properties. Several edible plants contain various natural constituents, including polyphenols that may counteract oxidative-induced tissue damage through their modulatory effects of intracellular signaling pathways. Rooibos, an indigenous South African plant, well-known for its use as herbal tea, is increasingly studied for its metabolic benefits. Prospective studies linking diet rich in polyphenols from rooibos to reduced diabetes associated cardiovascular complications have not been extensively assessed. Aspalathin, a flavonoid, and phenylpyruvic acid-2-O-β-D-glucoside, a phenolic precursor, are some of the major compounds found in rooibos that can ameliorate hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocyte damage in vitro. While the latter has demonstrated potential to protect against cell apoptosis, the proposed mechanism of action of aspalathin is linked to its capacity to enhance the expression of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) expression, an intracellular antioxidant response element. Thus, here we review literature on the potential cardioprotective properties of flavonoids and a phenylpropenoic acid found in rooibos against diabetes-induced oxidative injury.

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The Occurrence, Fate and Biological Activities ofC-glycosyl Flavonoids in the Human Diet

Cited by 75 publications

References 103 publications

Flavone-rich maize: an opportunity to improve the nutritional value of an important commodity crop

Flavone-rich maize: an opportunity to improve the nutritional value of an important commodity crop

Pharmacokinetics of Cymbopogon Citratus Infusion in Rats after Single Oral Dose Administration

Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and heart disease-cardioprotective effects of rooibos flavonoids and phenylpyruvic acid-2-O-β-D-glucoside

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